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This result revealed the interaction between AsA and H2O2 in maintaining RAM size. Cell. Reactive oxygen species as signals that modulate plant stress responses and programmed cell death. There is an increasing body of literature concerning the mechanisms by which regulation of antioxidative system response to abiotic stresses in crops. The SbMT-2 gene from a halophyte confers abiotic stress tolerance and modulates ROS scavenging in transgenic tobacco. A., Lewis M. W., et al. Biol. Bot. As expected, transgenic crop plants harbored these genes enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses (Wu et al., 2008; Fukao et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2013; Campo et al., 2014). Plant Physiol. A jasmonate and ethylene-responsive ERF gene, JERF3, was isolated from tomato and involved in a ROS-mediated regulatory module in transcriptional networks that govern plant response to stress (Wu et al., 2008). J Plant Physiol 153:332338, CrossRef PubMed Int J Mol Sci. and transmitted securely. A rice calcium-dependent protein kinase OsCPK12 oppositely modulates salt-stress tolerance and blast disease resistance. Plant Physiol Biochem 51:2630, Shigeoka S, Ishikawa T, Tamoi M, Miyagawa Y, Takeda T, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K (2002) Regulation and function of ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes. Photosynthesis is considered as high rate. Moreover, a maize CDPK gene, ZmCPK11, acts upstream of ZmMPK5, is essential for ABA-induced up-regulation of the expression and activities of SOD and APX, and the production of H2O2 in maize leaves (Ding et al., 2013). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radical (O2-), hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) etc., resulting from excitation or incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen, are harmful by-products of basic cellular metabolism in aerobic organisms (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Miller et al., 2010). In: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (eds) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communications in plants. Annexins are calcium-dependent, phospholipid-binding proteins with suggested functions in response to environmental stresses and signaling during plant growth and development. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701, Baek, D., Cha, J. Y., Kang, S., Park, B., Lee, H. J., Hong, H., et al. Overexpression of a peroxidase gene (AtPrx64) of Arabidopsis thaliana in tobacco improves plants tolerance to aluminum stress. 22, 1119. Li X., Zhang H., Tian L., Huang L., Liu S., Li D., et al. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis mvs1 (methylviologen-sensitive) mutant that was hypersensitive to ROS and caused by a missense mutation (G1349 substituted as A) of a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP77A4. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online . Plant Biol. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles during temperature and oxidative stress reveal coordinated expression patterns and overlapping regulons in rice. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.02.021, Karkonen, A., and Kuchitsu, K. (2015). OH can be formed when the OO double bond in H2O2 cleaves. For example, the expression of some zinc finger genes in Arabidopsis, ZAT7, ZAT10 and ZAT12, is intensely up-regulated by oxidative stress in AtAPX1 knockout plants (Miller et al., 2008). In addition, we found that CaNHL4 localizes to the plasma membrane. ROS are good. To summarize, plants integrate ROS with genetic, epigenetic, hormones and external signals to promote development and environmental adaptation. Ionic states include hydroxyl radicals (OH) and superoxide anions (O2-), while molecular states mainly include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) (Blokhina, 2003; Apel and Hirt, 2004; Mittler et al., 2004). Reactive oxygen species in plant development. (2018). This results in accumulation of H2O2 which promotes the expression of the WRKY53 gene, which is required for leaf senescence (Zimmermann et al., 2006). ROS homeostasis in halophytes in the context of salinity stress tolerance. A TFIIIA-type zinc finger protein confers multiple abiotic stress tolerances in transgenic rice (. Plant Physiol 141:336340, Sandalio LM, Fernndez VM, Ruprez FL, del Ro LA (1988) Superoxide free radicals are produced in glyoxysomes. ABA-induced stress tolerance is partly linked with the activation of antioxidant defense systems, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic constituents, which protects plant cells against oxidative damage (Huang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012a, 2014). Similarly, the concentration of H2O2 also dynamically changes in olives as they progress from bud formation through fertilization, which indicates that the difference in H2O2 concentrations has important physiological significance for the development of different organs (Zafra et al., 2010). 2022 Apr 15;23(8):4402. doi: 10.3390/ijms23084402. Arsenite alters global histone H3 methylation. Glutathione regulates ROS levels in cells through both auxin/PLETHORA (PLT) dependent and independent pathways, thereby participating in and maintaining ROS homeostasis in the RAM (Yu et al., 2013). Environ. Late embryogenesis abundant protein OsLEA5 interacted with zinc finger transcription factor ZFP36 to co-regulate ABA-inhibited seed germination by controlling the expression of APX OsAPX1 in rice (Huang et al., 2018). www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.104.900191. 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The regulation of gene expression by different transcription regulators results in the induction of various defense pathways, such as, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and antioxidative metabolism. 58, 459481. Genetic mechanisms conferring adaptation to submergence and drought in rice: simple or complex? Plant Biol 11:613624, Maruta T, Tanouchi A, Tamoi M, Yabuta Y, Yoshimura K, Ishikawa T, Shigeoka S (2010) Arabidopsis chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes play a dual role in photoprotection and gene regulation under photooxidative stress. A major role of the MEKK1-MKK1/2-MPK4 pathway in ROS signalling. (2012). (2014). Antioxid. This restricts our further understanding of their roles in plants. Huda K. M., Banu M. S., Garg B., Tula S., Tuteja R., Tuteja N. (2013). Further study indicated that OsDMI3 functions upstream of OsMPK1, to regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the production of H2O2 in rice (Shi et al., 2014). However, ROS are dramatically acclimated during stress. GmWRKY27 interacts with GmMYB174, which, in turn, acts in concert to reduce promoter activity and gene expression of GmNAC29 (Wang et al., 2015). Suzuki N., Miller G., Morales J., Shulaev V., Torres M. A., Mittler R. (2011). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are regarded as by-products of plant aerobic metabolism and are generated in several cellular compartments such as chloroplasts (Dietz et al., 2016), mitochondria (Huang et al., 2016), and peroxisomes (Sandalio and Romero-Puertas, 2015). SIT1 promotes accumulation of ROS, leading to plant death under salt stress, which occurred in an MPK3/6- and ethylene signaling-dependent manner (Li et al., 2014). Most importantly, transgenic alfalfa showed increased yield and survival rate over three winters in natural field environments (McKersie et al., 1996). However, few MAPK cascades components have been functionally characterized in crops. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.076, Apel, K., and Hirt, H. (2004). It was therefore, inevitable that evolution in an oxygenic environment would necessitate integration of oxidative processes and ROS sensing and signaling into the developmental programs. (2013). Zhang et al. In contrast to CAT, APX requires an ascorbic acid (AsA) and/or a glutathione (GSH) regenerating cycle involved MDHAR, DHAR, and GR. (2005). The cotton WRKY transcription factor GhWRKY17 functions in drought and salt stress in transgenic. Overexpression of OsACA6 confers tolerance to salinity and drought stresses in tobacco, which was correlated with reduced accumulation of ROS and enhanced the expression of stress-responsive genes in plants (Huda et al., 2013). The rapid production of the ROS burst is a conserved signaling output in immunity across kingdoms. Strategies for developing Green Super Rice. crop plants, transcription factors, reactive oxygen species, abiotic stress, antioxidative enzymes, gene regulation. Stress-triggered redox signalling: whats in pROSpect? Plant Cell 26:10691080, Kobayashi M, Ohura I, Kawakita K, Yokota N, Fujiwara M, Shimamoto K, Doke N, Yoshioka H (2007) Calcium-dependent protein kinases regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by potato NADPH oxidase. Du et al. 495, 339345. OsOAT-overexpressing rice plants exhibited significantly increased -OAT activity and proline levels under normal growth conditions, and enhanced drought, osmotic, and oxidative stress tolerance (You et al., 2012). Histone demethylation is catalyzed by two different classes of enzymes: the jumonji C (JmjC) demethylases, which are Fe (II)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, and FAD-dependent amino oxidases, including lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) (Chen et al., 2011). Nickel ions increase histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation and induce transgene silencing. U.S.A. 98, 1345413459. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn063, Zimmermann, P., Heinlein, C., Orendi, G., and Zentgraf, U. Nucleic Acids Res. doi: 10.1105/tpc.16.00038, Wu, Y., Yang, Z., How, J., Xu, H., Chen, L., and Li, K. (2017). (2015). Plant NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the most studied enzymatic source of ROS. Intrinsic to this regulation is ROS production and signaling that integrated with the action of hormone and small molecules. GhMT3a encodes a type 3 plant MT in cotton. Transcriptional regulation of ROS controls transition from proliferation to differentiation in the root. Zhou T., Yang X., Wang L., Xu J., Zhang X. Biophys. OsDMI3 is a novel component of abscisic acid signaling in the induction of antioxidant defense in leaves of rice. (2018). WRKY transcription factors: from DNA binding towards biological function. Setter T. L., Bhekasut P., Greenway H. (2010). However, at later stages of anther development, MADS3 regulates ROS homeostasis, and abnormal expression of MADS3 causes the accumulation of O2- and pollen sterility (Hu et al., 2011). Unlike Arabidopsis SRO proteins, Ta-sro1 has PARP activity. Mitogen-activated protein kinase is involved in abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense and acts downstream of reactive oxygen species production in leaves of maize plants. 27, 15051519. ROS are also thought to play essential roles in leaf development, senescence and organ dormancy. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Plant antioxidative system consists of numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative components that work together with ROS-generating pathway to maintain ROS homeostasis. Rep. 5:8625. doi: 10.1038/srep08625, Lv, B., Tian, H., Zhang, F., Liu, J., Lu, S., Bai, M., et al. HDACs can change conformation, consequently diminishing their catalytic activity or altering their cellular localization under oxidative stress (Doyle and Fitzpatrick, 2010). It is still difficult to accurately study how various ROS lead to signaling and drive plant growth and development in a strictly localized and timely manner. Curr. We hope that the ROS Special Issue will bridge many disciplines in plant biology and provide an in-depth and current sampler of ROS biology in plants. The influence of ascorbic acid on root growth and the root apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. Deng X., Hu W., Wei S., Zhou S., Zhang F., Han J., et al. In: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU (eds) Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signaling and communications in plants. Plants have evolved an efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative system to protect themselves against oxidative damage and fine modulation of low levels of ROS for signal transduction. Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of energetically stable duplex DNA or RNA secondary structures, and thereby play an important role in almost all DNA and/or RNA metabolic processes. Zhu Y., Zuo M., Liang Y., Jiang M., Zhang J., Scheller H. V., et al. Rice calcineurin B-like protein-interacting protein kinase 31 (OsCIPK31) is involved in the development of panicle apical spikelets. Curr Opin Plant Biol 22:3947, Begara-Morales JC, Snchez-Calvo B, Chaki M, Valderrama R, Mata-Prez C, Lpez-Jaramillo J, Padilla MN, Carreras A, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB (2014) Dual regulation of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by tyrosine nitration and S-nitrosylation. Genes that participate in the removal of ROS and their expression profiles in various rice tissues and organs. doi: 10.1126/stke.3492006re8. doi: 10.1242/dev.164376, Miller, E. W., Dickinson, B. C., and Chang, C. J. Curr Opin Genet Dev. Down-regulation of a SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR2-related histone deacetylase gene, OsSRT1, induces DNA fragmentation and cell death in rice. Part of Springer Nature. Changes in ROS production and antioxidant capacity during tuber sprouting in potato. SUB1A, an ERF transcription factor found in limited rice accessions, limits ethylene production and gibberellin responsiveness during submergence, economizing carbohydrate reserves and significantly prolonging endurance (Fukao and Xiong, 2013). From an evolutionary point of view, the emergence of oxygen-releasing photosynthetic life had a profound impact on all living organisms (Rosing and Frei, 2004). Autophagy regulates glucose-mediated root meristem activity by modulating ROS production in Arabidopsis. ROS involved in vegetative apical meristem identity in the shoot apical meristem. U.S.A. 114, 52895294. Representative genes that involved in abiotic stress resistance in major crops through ROS regulation. The roles of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cellular signaling and stress response in plants. However, few studies have reported the abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plant at the reproductive or flowering stage based on yield and/or setting rate, and very few of these tests were conducted under field conditions. Front Environ Sci 2:55, CrossRef Zhou J., Wang J., Li X., Xia X. J., Zhou Y. H., Shi K., et al. The process further regulates shoot regeneration. Eulgem T., Rushton P. J., Robatzek S., Somssich I. E. (2000). Redox- and reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling into and out of the photosynthesizing chloroplast. Numerous studies from different plant species observed that the generation of ROS and activity of various antioxidant enzymes increased during abiotic stresses (Damanik et al., 2010; Selote and Khanna-Chopra, 2010; Tang et al., 2010; Turan and Ekmekci, 2011). (2013). OsCIPK31 perceives the response to stresses and regulates ROS accumulation and IAA distribution in the panicle. ) has an important function as a key signalling molecule in plant growth, development, and senescence, and RNS, like ROS, also play an important role as signalling molecules in the response to environmental (abiotic) stress. Cellular oxidation could reduce HDA19 and HDA9 activity, thereby enhancing histone acetylation and transcription of stress-responsive genes in Arabidopsis (Liu et al., 2015). (2009). Trends Plant Sci. Some of the ROS-scavenging enzymes, such as GST (Dixon and Edwards, 2010), TRX, and GRX (Meyer et al., 2012), have evolved into large multigene families with varied functions that cope with a variety of adverse environmental conditions. 65, 12411257. Plant Cell Rep. 37, 741757. Correspondence to Two recent papers reported that C-terminal phosphorylation and ubiquitination modulates AtRBOHD activity, which extends our understanding of the . Comparison of transcription profiles of rice in response to multiple stresses suggested the central role of ROS homeostasis in different abiotic stresses (Mittal et al., 2012). (2013). ROS trigger signal transduction events, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, eliciting specific cellular responses. doi: 10.1105/tpc.110.074369, Huang, L., Jia, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, M., Huang, X., Ji, E., et al. Subsequent experiments showed that GhWRKY17 involved in stress responses by regulating ABA signaling and cellular levels of ROS (Yan et al., 2014). Plant 8, 12531273. Proteomics 9:23012312, Palma JM, Gupta DK, Corpas FJ (2013) Metalloenzymes involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and heavy metal stress. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erx153, Kadota, Y., Sklenar, J., Derbyshire, P., Stransfeld, L., Asai, S., Ntoukakis, V., et al. Teixeira F. K., Menezes-Benavente L., Margis R., Margis-Pinheiro M. (2004). 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. doi: 10.1104/pp.17.00633, Zhang, H., and Zhu, J. K. (2012). Exogenous application of reduced glutathione partially restores the normal root phenotype. However, their function in ROS homeostasis and regulation of gene expression remain unclear. Over expression of cytosolic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase from a mangrove plant. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. 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Plant respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) are plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases that generate superoxide anion radicals, which then dismutate to H 2 O 2, into the apoplast using cytoplasmic NADPH as an electron donor. 29, 121128. Plant Cell Environ. Plant Physiol. 10:800. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00800. Distribution of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis root and their influence on root development: possible interaction with peroxidases. Proc. Sun S. J., Guo S. Q., Yang X., Bao Y. M., Tang H. J., Sun H., et al. Rev. (2016). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. How these different enzymes are coordinated within each compartment and between different compartments to adjust a particular ROS at an appropriate level during stresses is an important question needs to be addressed. Many excellent reviews have focused on ROS metabolism (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Noctor et al., 2014), ROS sensory and signaling networks (Miller et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2012; Baxter et al., 2014), as well as the cross-talk with other signaling molecules function in developmental and stress response processes (Suzuki et al., 2012; Noctor et al., 2014). (2000). 285, 1741717424. 82, 2228. Antioxidant response of wheat roots to drought acclimation. GhMKK5-overexpressing plants showed significantly up-regulated expression of ROS-related and cell death marker genes, and resulted in excessive accumulation of H2O2 and hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death (Zhang et al., 2012b). doi: 10.1128/MCB.26.10.3728-3737.2006, Chen, X., Hu, Y., and Zhou, D. X. 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Loss of DST function increased the accumulation of H2O2 in guard cell, accordingly, resulted in increased stomatal closure and enhanced drought and salt tolerance in rice. Protoplasma 226:191197, Leterrier M, Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Sandalio LM, del Ro LA (2005) Peroxisomal monodehydroascorbate reductase. SA inhibits the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes, which increases ROS levels and promotes root meristem activity. Development 145:dev164376. In addition, plant RBOHs have a cytosolic N-terminal extension contains regulatory regions such as calcium-binding EF-hands and phosphorylation target sites that are important for the function and regulation of the plant NADPH oxidases (Oda et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2011). (2013). OPRII proteins are involved in jasmonic acid synthesis, while the function of OPRI is as yet unclear. The functions of numerous stress-responsive genes involved in ROS homeostasis regulation and abiotic stress resistance have been characterized in transgenic plants (Table Table11). These results suggest that ROS mediate the control of plant stem cell fate, and the balance between O2- and H2O2 is essential for shoot stem cell maintenance and differentiation. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.10.020, Viola, I. L., Guttlein, L. N., and Gonzalez, D. H. (2013). Tuteja N (2010) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. H2O2 can be transported by aquaporins localized in the cell membrane, not only causing long-distance oxidative damage (Bienert et al., 2007; Wudick et al., 2015), but also participating in cell signaling regulation (Miller E.W. Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Dong et al. O2- can be produced by photosynthetic electron transport chains, mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chains, and membrane-dependent NADPH oxidase (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG proteins) systems, which react with hydrogen ions to form oxygen molecules or with superoxide dismutase (SOD) to form H2O2 (Bose et al., 2014; Mhamdi and Van Breusegem, 2018). Hydrogen peroxide positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling through oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 transcription factor. Overexpression of OsAPX2 increased APX activity and reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in transgenic plants under stress treatments (Zhang et al., 2013). Subsequent experiments confirmed that ABA-induced H2O2 production mediates NO generation in maize leaves, which, in turn, activates MAPK and increases the expression and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ABA signaling (Zhang et al., 2007). (2013). 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As in animals, NADPH oxidase-produced ROS in plants is important for a multitude of processes and the number of NADPH oxidase genes (10 in Arabidopsis, called RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs, RBOHs, A-J) suggests a high complexity of regulation of ROS production in plants.Among its many roles, ROS-dependent regulation of plant cell wall structure and function is considered to . (2011). Cold Spring Harb. Therefore, OH is the most reactive ROS, and it can react with all biological molecules. Biochim. New Phytol 172:1121, del Ro LA (2011) Peroxisomes as a cellular source of reactive nitrogen species signal molecules. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. A prominent membrane protein in oilseed glyoxysomes. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx825, Zhang, S., Li, C., Wang, R., Chen, Y., Shu, S., Huang, R., et al. Chem. (2006). Tomato SlRbohB, a member of the NADPH oxidase family, is required for disease resistance against Botrytis cinerea and tolerance to drought stress. 9, 490498. Plant Biol. B., Qian, X. J., Zhou, Y. H., Shi, K., Zhou, J., et al. OsSKIPa-overexpressing rice exhibited significantly enhanced drought stress tolerance at both the seedling and reproductive stages by increased ROS-scavenging ability and transcript levels of many stress-related genes (Hou et al., 2009). Plant Cell 19:10651080, Kukavica B, Vucini Z, Vuleti M (2005) Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and germin-like protein activity in plasma membranes and apoplast of maize roots. - 210.65.88.143. Zhang H., Ni L., Liu Y., Wang Y., Zhang A., Tan M., et al. However, decreased ROS levels in the ABNORMAL INFLORESCENCE MERISTEM (AIM1) mutant, which participates in SA synthesis, resulted in inhibition of rice crown root growth. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5447, Para, A., Muhammad, D., Orozco-Nunnelly, D. A., Memishi, R., Alvarez, S., Naldrett, M. J., et al. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. In: Anjum NA, Umar S, Chan MT (eds) Ascorbate-glutathione pathway and stress tolerance in plants. ROS involved in plant stress responses. EMBO J. doi: 10.1105/tpc.18.00907, Jiang, W., Zhou, S., Zhang, Q., Song, H., Zhou, D. X., and Zhao, Y. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103946, Niu, Y., DesMarais, T. L., Tong, Z., Yao, Y., and Costa, M. (2015). Francisco J. Corpas or Jos M. Palma . PLoS Genet. et al., 2010). The most common ROS include 1 O 2 , . Epigenetic gene regulation by plant Jumonji group of histone demethylase. In rice, a Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK), OsDMI3, is necessary for ABA-induced increases in the expression and the activities of SOD and CAT. Calcium-dependent protein kinases regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by potato NADPH oxidase. Springer, Berlin, Daudi A, Cheng Z, OBrien JA, Mammarella N, Khan S, Ausubel FM, Bolwell GP (2012) The apoplastic oxidative burst peroxidase in Arabidopsis is a major component of pattern-triggered immunity. 2013). (2013). Takahashi S., Kimura S., Kaya H., Iizuka A., Wong H. L., Shimamoto K., et al. 12:e1361076. Rep. 6:26443. doi: 10.1038/srep26443, Waszczak, C., Kerchev, P. I., Muhlenbock, P., Hoeberichts, F. A., Van Der Kelen, K., Mhamdi, A., et al. There are eight APX genes in rice, including two cytosolic APXs (OsAPX1 and OsAPX2), two peroxisomal APXs (OsAPX3 and OsAPX4), two mitochondrial APXs (OsAPX5 and OsAPX6) and two chloroplastic APXs (OsAPX7 and OsAPX8) (Teixeira et al., 2004, 2006). J. Biol. Recently, ROS have been also recognized as key players in the complex signaling network of plants stress responses. J. Mol. (2013) report the isolation and characterization of OsACA6, which encodes a member of the type IIB Ca2+ATPase family from rice. Accumulating evidence has shown that the redox state of the cell affects its proliferation/differentiation program. Opin. (2012). 15). Ogasawara Y., Kaya H., Hiraoka G., Yumoto F., Kimura S., Kadota Y., et al. The discovery of the enzymatic activity of SOD 45 years ago (McCord and Fridovich, 1969) ushered in the field of ROS biology. Redox Signal. A low temperature-inducible protein AtSRC2 enhances the ROS-producing activity of NADPH oxidase AtRbohF. Plant Cell 29, 775790. Recently, a novel thioredoxin DCC1 has been shown to determine the shoot regeneration capacity of various Arabidopsis ecotypes. Google Scholar, Corpas FJ, Trelease RN (1998) Differential expression of ascorbate peroxidase and a putative molecular chaperone in the boundary membrane of differentiating cucumber seedling peroxisomes. (2011). The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal species. Front Plant Sci 4:310, Raha S, Robinson BH (2000) Mitochondria, oxygen free radicals, disease and ageing. The oxidative modification enhances BZR1 transcriptional activity by promoting its interaction with PIF4 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4) and ARF6 (AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR6), thereby promoting root meristem development (Lv et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2018). Mol. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Natl. Sci. Y154761O01076 and No.Y329631O0263) to ZC. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY, pp 173192, Asada K (2006) Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert430, Chen, H., Ke, Q., Kluz, T., Yan, Y., and Costa, M. (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016, Hiramoto, K., Ojima, N., Sako, K., and Kikugawa, K. (1996). Nine NADPH oxidase (RBOH) genes (OsRBOHAOsRBOHI) were identified in the rice genome (Wong et al., 2007). However, recent studies have revealed that they are also involved in numerous processes throughout the plant life cycle, from seed development and germination, through to root, shoot and flower development. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge about ROS homeostasis regulation in crop plants. 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