- IP3 activates a G protein. 1.4 g, and 3.3 g. These numbers represent measured values. d. A student performs the calculation (5.05.1435.0 \times 5.1435.05.143 g) + 2.80 g What effect does ligand binding have on receptor tyrosine kinase proteins? Second messengers tend to be water-soluble and small. The enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of PIP2 into two molecules of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol in cell signaling, is phosphokinase C phospholipase C phosphodiesterase C lipokinase Cell signaling can be classified into three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act In general these signalling pathways activate a membrane-bound phospholipase C, which cleaves the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate to generate IP3 and diacylglycerol. WikiMatrix The Ca2+ is bound with low affinity, but high capacity, and can be released on a signal (see inositol triphosphate ). will be bound to a transport protein in the blood. Is this a better answer than that of the first student? The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation reference landmark for brain X rays. What are the products of the cleavage of PIP2? All anterior pituitary hormones EXCEPT growth hormone affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger system. First messengers are the signaling molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents) that reach the cell from the extracellular fluid and bind to their specific receptors. If not, what might this student have done incorrectly? Although the bradykinin-stimulated initial spike of [Ca2+]i did not . Using complete sentence, answer the following question. small molecules that propagate a signal after it has been initiated by the binding of the signaling molecule to the receptor. 1983 Jun 15;212(3):849-858. Phospholipase C, PLC is an enzyme that produces two second messengers inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP 3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) by cleavage of inositol phospolipids. What is the outside air temperature. )https://www.tubebuddy.com/jjmedicineFollow me on Twitter! Describe the curve. and, being mindful of significant figures, reports an answer IP3 (inositol trisphosphate) is produced as a result of __________. IP 3 in turn triggers the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum ( or sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells). - It converts ATP to cAMP, which then broadcasts the signal to the rest of the cell. release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism, Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats. Expression and mutational analysis of synthetic receptor genes . DAG and IP3 are second messengers that can act independently or in unison. The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin. A-kinase is found in many types of cells and the target proteins in each kind of cell are different, lipids that can be converted into second messengers. All answers are examples of second messengers e. A sugar like inositol f. Ligand gated channel. Second messenger: cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) Ras.GTP (Small G Protein) . Some examples of second messengers are cyclic AMP, inositol triphosphate, arachidonic acid, and calcium ion (see Chapter 2.2). How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that mediate the effects of first messengers, i.e., neurotransmitters and hormones. Which is a second messenger? Specific targets for activated G proteins include various enzymes that produce second messengers , as well as certain ion channels that allow ions to act as second messengers. - the similarity of the mechanisms in organisms that have a very distant common ancestor. Calculate the volume The activated subunit activates phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes membrane bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2), resulting in the formation of secondary messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3). c. Say that you have ten ball bearings, each having a mass of At age 85, Lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. A Carnot heat pump supplies $3900 \mathrm{~W}$ to keep a room at $23^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ while drawing energy from the outside air at the rate of $3400 \mathrm{~W}$. . In liver cells, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. Flashcards. present your work as unit conversions, and report your the calculation in the following manner: He looks up the density of the material in a reference 16.T/F Phosphatidylinositol activates Protein kinase C. 17.TIF Insulin receptor is a 7-TM G-protein. Which of the following is NOT a method of hormone action? Which diagram correctly shows the processes that change the phases of matter? (2) PLC as an effector produces two different second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). Add 3 g and 1.4 g, reporting this sum to the The inositol triphosphate (IP3) that results from hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is generally accepted to be responsible for the mobilization of intracellular calcium. b. peptides are one of the four major polymers and . Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________, Enterochromaffin like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Which of the following statements is true of amino acid based hormones? Inositol triphosphate and DAG are cleavage products of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved by phospholipase C. Increasing levels of IP3 lead to augmented cytosolic. Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters. Is the concentration of calcium ions in a cell high or low? the answers represent a better way of reporting the results of the addition? T/F Baby stingrays look like ravioli. f. Yet another student performs the calculation (5.005.1435.00 \times 5.1435.005.143 g)+ 2.80 and reports an answer of 28.5 g. Is this the correct answer? The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up and down-regulation. cAMP is a second messenger, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. What is the first messenger in cell signaling? - Only certain cells have cytoplasmic receptors for testosterone. inositol triphosphate (IP3) What is DAG a second messenger that remains in the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C What is IP3 A second messenger that diffuses into the cytoplasm and binds to ligand gated calcium channel in the ER to release Ca2+ that continues the signal cascade What enzyme breaks down PIP2 phospholipase C 2.80 and reports an answer of 29 g. Is this the correct answer? Second messengers are small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector proteins. Lesson on the Inositol Trisphosphate (IP3) and Calcium Signaling Pathway. What happens during the process of paracrine signaling? -is a second messenger that is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. Eliminate the parameter to obtain an equation in $x$ and $y$. Dave has discovered a new lipid soluble hormone. Which of the following statements describes what happens to cells undergoing apoptosis? What is the function of cAMP phosphodiesterase quizlet? A second type of intracellular Ca 2+ -releasing channel is the ryanodine receptor, named after a drug that binds to and partially opens these receptors. Type 2 diabetes mellitus may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production. Why are there differences responses to cAMP in different cells? If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe! Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress. best answer to the problem? - Inositol trisphosphate binds to an IP3-gated calcium channel, causing the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum. book, where it is reported to be 2.4451 g/cm3cm^{3}cm3 Add the numbers together and report your answer to the Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? Is this Why do bacteria make restriction endonucleases? - IP3 has no effect on cellular calcium concentrations. manner: In this lesson you will be introduced to the IP3 and calcium signaling pathway. stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood, which of the following is correctly matched, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Charles Welsh, Cynthia Prentice-Craver, David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. - diffuses thru cytosol to ligand-gated calcium channel in ER membrane. Functions. What are some pros and cons of birth control without parental consent? In its primary role, it generates the Ca 2+ that acts directly to control processes such as metabolism, secretion, fertilization, proliferation, and smooth muscle contraction. Phospholipase C, PLC is an enzyme that produces two second messengers inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP 3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) by cleavage of inositol phospolipids. Inositol (1,4,5) triphosphate (IP 3) content after glucose addition to wild-type, PLC1-overexpressing and plc1-deleted strains.Cells were starved for all nutrients for 2 h. At least three samples were taken for determining the basal level of IP 3 content, then 100 mM glucose was added and samples were taken at the indicated times. Hypersecretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) can result in hypertension. Inositol triphosphate? e. Another student performs the calculation (55.1435 \times 5.14355.143 g) + How does adenylyl cyclase help transmit signals within a cell? rule(s) that will always enable you to report answers using Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know. He performs Which of the following is true regarding this hormone? arrow_forward. CLASSIFICATION: Group I hormones: Lipid soluble Readily diffuse across cell membrane . Inositol triphosphate and DAG are cleavage products of phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), which is cleaved by phospholipase C. Increasing levels of IP3 lead to augmented cytosolic calcium levels that further lead to activation of downstream cellular targets.Hey everyone. to target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus. a molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule, - diffuses thru cytosol to ligand-gated calcium channel in ER membrane, calcium ions that flow out of ER (down their gradient), binds other proteins by activating or inactivating them, the function of phosphatases in signal transduction, - an enzyme that phosphorylates something else Which of the following is NOT a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? IP3, calcium and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important second messengers that are unregulated upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor. What did Sutherland discover about glycogen metabolism in liver cells? . There are 3 significant classes of second messengers: Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) Biochem. . 1. Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? -is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. Ras, a small G protein located at the plasma membrane, is often mutated in different types of cancer. The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis. The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. Second messengers are particles that transfer signals got at receptors on the phone surface, for example, the appearance of protein hormones, development factors, and so on to target atoms in the cytosol and additionally core. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. A small molecule that specifically binds to a larger molecule is called a(n) __________. LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin. . This is known as. But in addition to their job as relay molecules, second messengers serve to greatly amplify the strength of the signal. Activation of hCTR-1 expressed transiently in COS-1 cells stimulates the formation of cAMP but not of inositol phosphates (IPs) whereas pCTR, a chimeric CTR in . Which of the following is NOT a steroid based hormone? . Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production? to the correct number of significant figures. Make a brief table of values of $t, x$, and $y$. - Cells shrink and form lobes, which are eventually shed as membrane fragments. If not, what might this - frequently used in regulatory pathways, phosphorylating other enzymes, an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate functional group from a protein, 05 The Role of Nucleic Acids and Protein Synt, 09b Cellular Respiration and Fermentation, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. IP 3 in turn triggers the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum ( or sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells). Inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) functions as a second messenger to control the release of internal calcium and the entry of external calcium. It operates through receptors whose molecular and physiological properties closely resemble the calcium-mobilizing ryanodine receptors of muscle. Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? Second messengers are the substances that enter the cytoplasm and act within the cell to trigger a response. low because ion pumps in the plasma membrane continuously remove it by using ATP. Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of both iodine and calcium. Cyclic AMP Second Messenger Systems Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a nucleotide generated from ATP through the action of the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because __________. Which organ is responsible for synthesizing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. Rapid accumulation of inositol trisphosphate reveals that agonists hydrolyse polyphosphoinositides instead of phosphatidylinositol. What is adenylate cascade system? It operates through receptors whose molecular and physiological. they require a receptorin the plasma membrane. What is the main phospholipid that plays a role in cellular signaling? Cancer cells divide uncontrollably. Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (also commonly known as triphosphoinositol; abbreviated InsP3 or IP3 ), together with diacylglycerol, is a second messenger molecule used in signal transduction in biological cells. 15. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A 10) Lipophilic hormones Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? Does the air blow under or over the ball to support it? Is inositol triphosphate a second messenger? The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer surface of the tube is $300 W/m^2 \cdot K$ and the heat transfer surface area on that side is $20 m^2.$ Determine the rate of heat transfer using (a) the LMTD method and (b) the $\varepsilonNTU$ method. d. Explain how the answer that you calculated in part c is the -uses all of the mechanisms. Ras normally signals to a cell that it should divide. One of these is the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium (InsP 3 /Ca 2+) signaling pathway that operates through either primary or modulatory mechanisms. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary Farlex 2012 Want to thank TFD for its existence? Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) is a second messenger that binds to the IP3 receptor encoded by ITPR1 (van de Leemput et al., 2007 ). correct number of significant figures. Which of the following is NOT a typical result of a long term stress response? In contrast, second messengers are intracellular molecules that transmit signals from cell membrane receptors to targets within the . https://www.facebook.com/JJ-Medicine-100642648161192/-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Check out some of my other lessons.Medical Terminology - The Basics - Lesson 1:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04Wh2E9oNugMedical Terminology - Anatomical Terms:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KkXiE3NEJxwFatty Acid Synthesis Pathway:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuQS_LpNMzoWnt/B Catenin Signaling Pathway: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGVP4J9jpgsUpper vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itNd74V53ngLesson on the Purine Synthesis and Salvage Pathway:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2KFVvI8AkkGastrulation | Formation of Germ Layers:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d6Kkn0SECJ4Introductory lesson on Autophagy (Macroautophagy):https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSVKzHc5yA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I am always looking for ways to improve my lessons! IP 3 binds to calcium pumps on ER, transporting Ca 2+, another second messenger, into the cytoplasm. Determine the average power developed. testosterone Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers. - The hormone epinephrine binds to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the liver cell. Biochem J. - Ligand binding causes them to phosphorylate and form dimers. PartPartPart 2 Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level? First messengers are extracellular molecules, often hormones or neurotransmitters. As the name implies, these channels are regulated by IP 3, a second messenger described in more detail below. PartPartPart 1 The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is, A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger, increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney. What happens to Ca2+ concentrations when signaling occurs? Adenylate cyclase is the most widely distributed effector protein and is responsible for converting ATP to the second messenger cAMP (p. . Why does testosterone not affect all cells in the body? b. (4). Which of the following statements best describes the process of hormonal signaling? the best answer, or could it be improved? After a signaling molecule binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, what activates the associated G protein? - A mutation that means Ras cannot hydrolyze GTP to GDP. Learn. Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. The stage of cell signaling in which the signal is converted to a form that can bring about a response in the cell is called __________. In performing the calculation, One such channel is the inositol trisphosphate ( IP3) receptor. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid. One of these lipids, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, is hydrolysed to diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate as part of a signal transduction mechanism for controlling a variety of. answer to the correct number of significant figures. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n), All amino acid based hormones are lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane.-. Explain. Write the prototype and header for a function called calculate. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone? Another important second messenger system is the Ca 2 + system which includes as second messengers not only Ca 2 + but also inositol triphosphate (IP 3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Match. Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin. Which of the following statements describes the function of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) as a second messenger? - the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to, functions to increase sodium reabsorption. Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Terri D Wyman. . What is first messenger and second messenger? Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What does phosphoglyceride consist of?, Activation of the receptor for the first message causes., Phospholipase C and more. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers. Certain yeast cells secrete a molecule called the -factor. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol? John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. IP3. 9) Inositol triphosphate is a second messenger that A) binds to the calcium channel of the endoplasmic recticulum. Thromboxane A2 in turn stimulates vascular spasm and attracts additional platelets to the injured site. [Pg.93] The intracellular processes which precede membrane activation appear to differ from those of MOE neurones, in that cyclic nucleotide gating may not occur. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. Insufficient dietary iodine can cause Graves' disease. a) control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes two distinct ways presented in parts a and b. JJ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------DISCLAIMER: This video is for educational purposes only and information in this lesson SHOULD NOT be used for medical purposes alone. First and second messenger systems comprise of various types of signalling molecules. Cold water $(c_p = 4180 J/kg \cdot K)$ enters the tubes of a heat exchanger with 2-shell passes and 23-tube passes at $14^\circ C$ at a rate of 3 kg/s, while hot oil $(c_p = 2200 J/kg \cdot K)$ enters the shell at $200^\circ C$ at the same mass flow rate. IP 3 in turn triggers the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum ( or sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells). Directly bind to intracellular receptors. We will also discuss the purpose of the pathway, enzymes involved in the pathway, and how the pathway is regulated.I hope you find this video helpful. This is because, during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes, Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to, steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells, Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism. - is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal; is released from intracellular stores. C. CAMP. Why? $$ C) involved in the release of calcium into the extracellular fluid. :)JJ-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For books and more information on these topics https://www.amazon.com/shop/jjmedicineMicrophone I use to record these lessonshttps://www.amazon.com/dp/B00N1YPXW2/?tag=aiponsite-20\u0026linkCode=ic5\u0026ascsubtag=amzn1.idea.1K2H9Z4RF77DB\u0026creativeASIN=B00N1YPXW2\u0026ref=exp_jjmedicine_dp_vv_dStethoscope I use in my clinical workhttps://www.amazon.com/dp/B01M0I4KOZ/?tag=aiponsite-20\u0026linkCode=ic5\u0026ascsubtag=amzn1.idea.1K2H9Z4RF77DB\u0026creativeASIN=B01M0I4KOZ\u0026ref=exp_jjmedicine_dp_vv_dSupport future lessons and lectures https://www.patreon.com/jjmedicineStart your own website with BlueHost https://www.bluehost.com/track/jjmedicine/Check out the best tool to help grow your YouTube channel (its helped me! correct number of significant figures. In which part of cell are calcium ions usually found? $(c)$. 220, 345-360. for beta cells in the pancreas: release of insulin, binds cAMP dependent kinase (A-kinase) to activate it which regulates many vital metabolic pathways. Flashcards. Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? The stage of cell signaling in which a chemical signal is "detected" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface is called __________. Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface such as the arrival of protein hormones, growth factors, etc. This family of intracellular calcium channels displays the regenerative . When a platelet contacts a damaged blood vessel, it is stimulated to release thromboxane A2. stimulates production of an action potential. https://twitter.com/JJ_MedicineCome join me on Facebook! Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system, Virtually all amino acid based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular-. - IP3 catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP. B. inositol triphosphate. of these ten ball bearings. Match. If these molecules can enter all cells, why do only specific cells respond to their presence? Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. What receptors can inositol phospholipids easily interact with? 19. the following aspects are addressed in the essay: (a) the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate and other inositol lipids, (b) receptor-phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate phospholipase c coupling and the n-ras protooncogene, (c) inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium, (d) cell growth and oncogenes, (e) receptors linked to the Some of the important second messengers in the nervous system are cAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol trisphosphate (IP3), and Ca2+ions. The function should have three parameters: an int, a reference to a double, and a long (not necessarily in that order.) If not, explain why it is Inositol triphosphate ANSWER: -is a water-insoluble messenger molecule. -raises the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+. - stimulate an a yeast cell to grow toward the cell. the correct number of significant figures. . Created by. DAG activates protein kinase C and IP3 binds to a receptor on the endoplasmic Test. T/F Tyrosine kinase receptors are known to bind either monovalent or divalent ligands. not correct. Question: 15. Is G protein a second messenger? The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the, The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because, it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release, Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland, Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus, first enter into the hypophyseal portal system, A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. your choice is better. Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels. phospholipase C. activated by inositol triphosphate. - Nontarget cells lack the intracellular receptors that, when activated by the signal molecule, can interact with genes in the cell's nucleus. [Pg.282] Another type of NR crosstalk, which has only recently been recognized, is the so-called nongenomic actions of several receptors that induce very rapid cellular effects . an enzyme which splits a . a. by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure. The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus? a) is a water-insoluble messenger molecule b) binds to the calcium channel of the endoplasmic reticulum c) is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol d) B and C e) all of the above 2. 27.2g1.0cm327.2 g \times 1.0 cm^{3}27.2g1.0cm3/2.4 g = 11.3 cm3cm^{3}cm3 a second messenger that remains in the plasma membrane and activates protein kinase C, A second messenger that diffuses into the cytoplasm and binds to ligand gated calcium channel in the ER to release Ca2+ that continues the signal cascade. 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