They should be taught how to discipline themselves so that they can make take their places in society, as responsible and law-abiding citizens. When children misbehave, its easy for parents to get discouraged. To classify behavioral problems of the students that virtually disrupt the teaching-learning process seems quite difficult, because of the various intervening factors involved in each type of misdemeanor. Or what did they even do wrong? Is discipline all that bad? Establish proper procedures . A high school principal cited as one of the major causes for the increase in school difficulties "lack of power on the part of the principal to remove disruptive students from the school setting." In my survey of principals, 92 percent favored "more authority should be given to school administrators to handle discipline problems." Read this to understand why appropriate discipline is important and how parents can set limits and teach right from wrong with positive parenting tactics. And how much sweeter parenting feels to you.. Not only are teachers in public schools not telling students why they are being disciplined, but there are also harsh discriminatory factors being brought into it as well. They are resulted from activities of employees outside of their work and adversely affect the work performance. Pantley suggests teaching a child to clap her hands together when shes angry and feels the urge to hit or to put her hands in her pockets. The most frequently used disciplinary problems are as follows: Attendance related problems are those in disciplinary actions that seriously create infractions for managers. As many people know disciplinary policies in the United States is a very debated issue. Unions leaders, school staff detail discipline problems. During the 2019-20 school year, the types of disciplinary actions public schools took varied by the type of offenses to which they responded. a disciplinary alternative education program, and extended out-of school suspension. Such dishonest act directly affects ones character and leads the employee separated from the organization even if it was only a first offense. Order is needed in the classroom to facilitate the teaching-learning process. While some argue that the harsher punishments teach students a lesson and they will never emit that type of behavior again, it is said that many teachers even agree that milder punishments in the classroom are better for students learning capabilities (Learning Lift Off). Redirect the child and explain that while its okay to be upset, its not okay to physically strike out. While conflict amongst siblings is inevitable, rivalry doesnt need to be. 9 Solutions to Common Classroom Discipline Issues. Specifically, 15 percent of public schools reported that bullying occurred among students at least once a week. Children lie when they feel trapped, threatened, or scared of punishment or rejection, according to authors Jane Nelsen, Lynn Lott, and Dr. H. Stephen Glenn in their book Positive Discipline A-Z: 1001 Solutions to Everyday Parenting Problems. Solution: While you can calmly let your child know that you will not listen to whining, that you cannot understand a whiny voice, and only when he stops whining will you be able to respond, often a more effective approach is one that might surprise you. Click here for more tips on taming temper tantrums. Children regularly struggle to establish boundaries with other children, says Bailey. Four research questions were formulated to guide the study. This is, of course, not a new problem. Pantley suggests moving away from the biter to communicate that this behavior will not produce positive attention. Such problems are also called indiscipline behaviors or misconducts. The teacher should be able to identify and determine the cause or causes of problems so that appropriate remedies can be applied. Whining typically is a request for attention when children feel insignificant or ignored, but it can also be a response to hunger, fatigue, or frustration. Watch your students as they come into class and look for signs of discord. Comparatively, the lowest percent of schools with principals reporting serious discipline problems were elementary schools (8 percent . The more serious ones are cheating, stealing, lying, shouting, destruction of school property, vandalism, defiance to school rules and regulations, fighting in class, physical attacks, bullying and stubbornness. Schools for centuries have been disciplining students for things that they have done wrong in school. On the other hand, fabricating (the merging of fantasy and reality) is a normal part of early childhood. Principals were more likely to perceive at least one discipline issue as a serious problem in high schools and schools with enrollments of more than 1,000 students . Its best to intervene immediately to stop the aggression, says Dr. Sal Severe, school psychologist and author of How To Behave So Your Children Will, Too! This turns the childs focus inward to her own feelings, not the actions of the other person. Classroom discipline refers to the strategies a teacher uses to manage student behaviors and attitudes during instructional time. Solution: Similar to the response for biting, the first reaction is the most powerful one; an ouch! followed by, Its not okay to hit or We dont hit sends an immediate message that physical attacks are not acceptable ways to communicate. (Get tips and techniques on positive parenting discipline here.) In addition, I am interested to hear potential solutions to it as well. Teachers did not even let the students know what the problem . Separate them if necessary and try to gain agreement that during . More than one child in the home inevitably means there will be sibling squabbles. Discipline refers to the order which is necessary in the classroom for students learning to occur effectively. This leaves parents feeling like referees. It may be inferred that a teacher with a strong personality with sufficient experience will be able to deal with most of these behavioral problems. Adding on, if a student is suspended it not only will go on their record but also will severely impact their academics (School Discipline). As with other acts of physical aggression, a child who hits or kicks shouldnt be labeled aggressive, but instead needs to be taught an acceptable way to communicate frustration. She suggests taking the time to get the giggles going with a game of chase, a playful tackle, or a good old-fashioned pillow fight. For example, if a student did not salute the flag, or would wear an armband to protest their cause. 2. No seems to echo throughout every household. Factors that contribute to these behavioral problems of the children are poor training, breeding, and upbringing, desire for attention, lack of self-control, poor environment, broken homes, poor vision, poverty and perhaps weak personality of the teacher. One can say that discipline comes through effective management of an organisation. 2014. In the form of positive parenting, children freely express themselves while learning how to behave appropriately, be considerate of others, and respect rules and regulations. And while most parents delight in having a natural born leader, its easy for some little leaders to become overly bossy and demanding, sending even the most accommodating playmates packing. All the employees of an organization neither are nor self-disciplined, rather some of them may create disciplinary problems in the organization. There some be rules if not laws in place to protect students from being abused by the school system with the extent of their punishments. Attendance related problems are those in disciplinary actions that seriously create infractions for managers. Children usually dont realize there is a subtle yet important difference between a bossy statement and one thats assertive but respectful, says Pantley. Discipline is a learning process wherein parents teach children how to make good choices. However, the issue with punishment got worse throughout the year. She took my doll! He wont share! I was playing with it first! These protests are a regular product of playtime. What Measures Are Schools Taking To Deal With Crime And Violence? Forms of disciplinary infractions such as disrespect, disruption, and noncompliance appear to be on the rise (Colvin & Smith, 2012). Bailey suggests parents clearly advise the child how to respond: a simple stop is a good place to start for young kids while a more explanatory, I dont like it when you take my toy. Teachers would suspend these students even though there was no written law that they could not do this. That being said, many rules are definitely outdated (ex. And all too often a delayed or inconsistent response only makes matters worse the next time the misbehavior occurs. Sixteen percent of public schools reported that . Methods of maintaining discipline in schools are not always successful. A teacher who uses consistent discipline strategies exhibits more effective classroom management than an inconsistent . In some schools, a senior class, for example, may have up to a dozen different teachers in a single year, as the replacements decide to leave rather than deal with student behavior. In addition to keeping kids well-fed, well-rested, and well-prepared to help prevent whininess, Dr. Laura Markham, clinical psychologist and author of the popular website, Aha! Problems with school discipline has also led to a reduction in the number of people willing to become teachers, especially in high schools or schools regarded as being difficult. Often its a matter of helping a child see his siblings point of view. However, suspensions rarely exceed 30 days except in health-related cases. By saying, You seem angry or Can I help you rebuild that Lego tower? parents aid their children in finding the words they need to express themselves. . By setting aside, promising, and delivering time with your child after the phone call or visit, you send a clear message that theres enough time and attention to go around. Common Types of Disciplinary Problems. I completely agree with your post. As much as parents would like to encourage children to work it out themselves, kids dont possess the skills to do so. Some children prefer to lead the way while others are content to follow. This will include cheating, bullying, or possibly even dress code rules. This all began last week when Sheriff Wayne Ivey, along with the new school . 1. When entering the new school year more African American students will be disciplined than other students even if they are breaking the rules in the same way (The Washington Post). While not all parental involvement will be positive or have a measurable effect on student behavior, many successful schools use this approach. Usually, when an employee is suspended, they get paid for the duration of the suspension, except they have a contract clause that states otherwise. Once a child is visibly frustrated, help him find the words to express himself (I can see that you dont want your hair brushed, but we need to get ready to leave the house, and I need your cooperation.) or intervene during a heated playtime moment (Your friend is playing with that toy right now; you can have a turn when she is done.). Help me. She recommends first asking the child if she liked how she was treated. Often it seems a child is capable of talking back before theyre actually proficient at talking. For children who havent yet developed the language skills needed to express their feelings, biting is a form of communication. The discussion panel included about 30 people, including the School Board, Sheriff Ivey, district staff and union officials, and . The kinds of security measures and violence prevention programs that were in place in public schools. Types of Schools With Discipline Problems. The Brevard School Board held a special meeting today about a new discipline policy that's been fronted by the sheriff. . Teachers would suspend these students even though there was no written law that they could not do this. School prefects are not also left out in the solving . Student misbehavior and rudeness is the leading cause of teacher resignations. Everyone wants privacy and you dont have to be their counselor, but you can give them a place to go for help.. Education in the United States during COVID-19, History of Education in the United States, Historical Attitudes to School Discipline. Some parents find it difficult to stay cool while their child has an outburst but the best solution is to be a calming presence in their storm of fury. The population for this study was five thousand, six hundred (5,600) students . Solution: Bailey notes that when a child resorts to tattling, she is admitting, Im clueless about how to handle this. The co-authors of Positive Discipline A-Z: 1001 Solutions to Everyday Parenting Problems suggest responding with, That doesnt sound like the truth to me, and encourage your child to share the true story. It has always been a straightforward rule and if parents did not like how their children were being treated they could always withdraw them from the school and place them elsewhere (The Washington Post). While I dont think schools have such a totalitarian approach to discipline as the tone of the post implies, I do believe that there needs to be a reevaluation of how school administrators and teachers control student behavior. Whilst few children will enjoy punishment, most will submit to it providing it is perceived as being equitable. It was found that reduction strategies employed by various schools are not effective and as a result, the study recommended among other things that a wholesome approach to manage students' discipline should be adopted by the administrators and other stakeholders of the schools. Suggesting better ways to phrase things often helps kids recognize that there is a noticeable difference between, Were going to play cars now, and, How about we play cars? Often children just model what they hear; older siblings and parents can be the bossy example. Discipline Problems Reported by Public Schools; Students' Reports of Gangs at School; . With limited words to express her feelings, a young childs frustration can quickly turn to fury. TLDR. The most common problems usually confronted by the teacher especially the new ones are: inattention, laughing, giggling, whispering, clowning, joking, making faces, talking, playing and discourtesy. Discipline can effectively improve your childs behavior, but only, according to the AAP, if it includes a supportive environment, positive reinforcement strategies, and appropriate reactive strategies. Education. The most natural response is usually the most effective, according to Elizabeth Pantley, author of The No Cry Discipline Solution: Gentle Ways to Encourage Good Behavior Without Whining, Tantrums & Tears. Explore the disciplinary problems teachers face in . Problem 4: Temper Tantrums. Rather than cave into a childs demands (easier said than done) help your child identify her emotions and label her feelings. See Digest of Education Statistics 2021, table 230.10 . Disciplinary actions inform students of what is expected from them within the school premises. Be Proactive With Discipline Problems. School discipline continues to be one of the greatest challenges in education as educators continue to identify problem behavior as one of the most persistent problems schools face (Nelson, 2012). Before you can correct misbehaviors, however, you need to understand why theyre happening. Like biting, hitting or kicking a parent or playmate is what a child does when frustrated, angry, sad, or simply unable to get his point across. The misbehavior of children is common in all schools, although most schools managed to keep this within tolerable limits. Although in some cases it is right to suspend students in many cases seen recently it has been without reason, or for some minor infraction. schools and most school which experienced frequent deviant students' behaviour have been blamed on lack of effective implementation of school rules and regulations for discipline to reign in school. PDF | On Mar 23, 2018, Rohit M Parikh published Discipline Problems in School | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate. Is tracking the right way to divide students. After fifteen minutes of play, says Markham, youll be amazed how your child cooperates for the rest of the evening. The school should have a decent control procedure to keep the students in check. For the past years many have agreed that the idea of harsh punishment on students is not the best route (Learning Lift Off). Required fields are marked *. Despite these hurdles, students agree that discipline is needed in schools. Survey research design was used for the study. Indiscipline on the other hand is any act that This study is aimed at investigating strategies for managing disciplinary problems among secondary school students in Izzi Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. Encouraging teamwork, scheduling one-on-one time with each child, and never assuming one child is always at fault and another the perpetual victim are ways parents can minimize resentment between siblings. For example, if you notice a heated discussion before class starts, deal with it then. Solution: Biting is a normal part of childhood (learn more here). In some areas and countries, this has led to a severe teacher shortage, with classes either not taught, or taught by an unqualified person. 02 of 09 Create and Enforce a Schoolwide Discipline Plan Because there is usually a reason why children lie, its important to investigate what motive your child might have to tell something other than the truth. When parents respond with an ouch! or that hurts! a child is quickly sent the message that biting is not okay. The three . The main issue I faced in school was the dress code, so I am interested to hear what you have to say about the subject. The most recent data aailablev from the NCES (2009) indicated that despite the intent of zero-tolerance policies to keep schools safe and reduce serious misbehavior in schools, the number of disciplinary actions reported by schools for physical Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The clearest way to send the message that hitting is not okay is to never hit your child. It is much more serious and widespread than other problems. Its difficult for children to refrain from hitting if they see a trusted adult strike someone. Ask him how big the stegosaurus he saw on the playground was or if he had fun visiting that erupting volcano last night when you thought he was sleeping. In addition to modeling honesty yourself (yes, that means avoiding even those little white lies), celebrate the truth by thanking a child for being honest and teaching the importance of telling the truth, even in difficult situations. Some children are naturally more assertive than others, and Bailey adds that passive kids need help finding their big voice. By teaching children how to establish boundaries and resolve conflict, they gain the necessary skills and confidence to assert themselves, becoming better able to work out future disagreements on their own. They calls this loco parentis or in the place of parents (The Washington Post). In modern years this has been popularly characterized by violence against teachers and other children. A phone at your ear or a visitor at the door is often all it takes for children to immediately need to share pressing news or concerns and demand attention. problems. Toddlers, who sometimes turn their teeth on unsuspecting parents, siblings and playmates, are probably biting out of frustration. Merely a game of power and domination. Children dont always have the ability to solve conflicts on their own and need help identifying their feelings and finding words to express them. Bailey insists tattling is an excellent opportunity for parents to teach children how to manage conflict on their own, assertively and effectively. Many people even wonder why schools discipline students in the first place (The Washington Post). The importance and value of developing proper conduct in society should be very clear to them. Your email address will not be published. That can be a good way to address some of the personal problems. ; Disrespect, defiance, bullying, and aggression are the most common . In other words, recognize and acknowledge both the bad and good behaviors. School hierarchies award teachers great power over their students and the perceived abuse of this power to punish children in arbitrary ways can be the source of much resentment and hostility. Hence, such activities should be checked properly for which there will be a need for disciplinary actions. Occasionally, however, poor disciplinary management within school can cause a more general breakdown in order. Teachers did not even let the students know what the problem was, they were simply just suspended or disciplined harshly (The Washington Post). Attendance problems are as follows: If the employee has financial issues they may need employee assistance program referrals. Jamie Martin, author of Steady Days: A Journey Toward Intentional, Professional Motherhood shares one of her favorite responses to backtalk on her popular blog, "Steady Mom". The types of criminal incidents that schools were asked to report included murder, suicide, rape or other type of sexual battery, assault or fight with a weapon, robbery, assault or fight without a weapon, theft/ larceny, and vandalism. It is the best . Give the students a few moments to work things out before you start your lesson. Teaching by example (refraining from barking orders and keeping a respectful tone) is often the best way for children to learn a better way to communicate. The answer is simple, public schools can practically do whatever they want once the child is enrolled there and the parent has to accept that (The Washington Post). Effective discipline requires the consent, either explicit or tacit, of parents and pupils. These are those disciplinary problems that will take place outside organizational environment. Prepare children before making a phone call or visiting with a friend. This has traditionally resulted from one of the severe disciplinary problems found in organizations. Children often lie to avoid disappointing parents, so Pantley suggests parents examine their typical response to a childs mistakes and make sure the message sent is that imperfection is acceptable. As some who did attend public school, I am personally aware of these issues. There are defiantly issues revolving actions such as these in schools. Today, some educational authorities agree that a classroom has a good discipline when the learners are eagerly and earnestly performing their learning tasks. Even low levels of indiscipline at school can result in a detrimental working environment for children and good teaching will often depend on good school discipline. Discipline to be effective should be meaningful and sympathetic. Discipline is one of the major areas of concern for teachers especially the new ones. Disciplinary procedures are a set way for an employer to deal with disciplinary issues. It can be said that, among the school types studied as to disciplinary problems not very big differences were found, and that vocational high schools (ML) reveal more varieties regarding disciplinary problems. When a student behaves inappropriately, as a first step, in most institutions, an oral warning is given. Good classroom management can eliminate many of common misdemeanors by way of making the lessons interesting and meaningful to the learners. Character traits that should be inculcated and develop are obedience, responsibility, diligence, perseverance, respect for the rights of others, cheerfulness, and fair play. If a child exhibits routine biting, try to prevent another episode by being on the lookout for triggers. Playing well with others is a learned skill for many kids. One high school student stated: "If there were no discipline, the school would not be distinguished from the street." Every time your child whines, say Nelsen, Lott, and Glenn, take him on your lap and say, I bet you need a big hug. Often just a few moments of positive and physical attention are the cure. Unauthorized strikes, wage garnishing, decorating outside criminal activities, working for competitors are the examples of outside activities. Behavioral Pattern between Management & Labor. L. State. The most frequently used disciplinary problems are as follows: Attendance Related Problems. For example, if a student did not salute the flag, or would wear an armband to protest their cause. Get tips and techniques on positive parenting discipline here, The No Cry Discipline Solution: Gentle Ways to Encourage Good Behavior Without Whining, Tantrums & Tears. They are undoubtedly a serious problem facing managers. . Moreover, to be effective, punishment should never appear arbitrary. More often than not, it is not a sign of aggression or intent to harm, but a child who hasn't learned it's not a good way to express their discontent. Children have little ability to see the needs of others and often feel their sense of belonging and significance is threatened when your attention focuses elsewhere, according to co-authors Nelsen, Lott, and Glenn. Many ask why is this happening to my child? Its very important to instill a sense of right and wrong and a habit of following the law and rules. A disciplinary action form is filled in those cases, and a copy is kept in the employee's file. Article PDF Available. Positive Discipline A-Z: 1001 Solutions to Everyday Parenting Problems, Easy to Love, Difficult to Discipline: The 7 Basic Skills for Turning Conflict into Cooperation, Steady Days: A Journey Toward Intentional, Professional Motherhood, What to do when your baby won't stop crying. How To Behave So Your Children Will, Too! Calling takes time, but parents can often provide solutions to difficult classroom problems. Sometimes they impair the image of the organization. Make a suggestion about how they can occupy themselves while youre busy, or turn them loose with an activity designed especially for times when you need to focus your attention elsewhere. Solution: While the initial reaction of most parents is frustration and a sternly barked, Dont interrupt, prevention is the better option. They are undoubtedly a serious problem facing managers. The ability to fabricate stories is often a sign of a good imagination and neednt be discouraged. Becky Bailey, author of Easy to Love, Difficult to Discipline: The 7 Basic Skills for Turning Conflict into Cooperation, describes the common outburst of anger as "a child's thwarted efforts to control a situation.". Harsh punishments warrant much larger problems that can be avoided. Parents can help alleviate jealousy by recognizing each childs special gifts, instead of comparing siblings. Behavior that receives attention is behavior that is strengthened and repeated. Because backtalk is usually just a blunt, honest reaction, children often benefit from another chance to deliver their opinion in a better way. Solution: While making an effort to prevent tantrums is always a good idea (staying consistent, keeping expectations realistic, avoiding over protectiveness or overindulgence), helping a child move through a tantrum is the best approach. In both 1990-91 and 1996-97, the three discipline issues most frequently rated as serious or moderate problems by principals were student tardiness, student absenteeism or class cutting, and physical conflicts among students (table 13). As discussed above, there are a number of disciplinary actions that are given below: Oral Warning. Encouraging the child who bites to apologize and offer another form of physical contact, such as a hug, shows him the difference between acceptable and unacceptable forms of communication. It should not be surprising, says Severe, that anytime you put two or three people who think this way into the same confined space and tell them to play and have fun, you are likely to get some conflict.. This set up for more disciplinary action (The Washington Post). Handle problems tactfully. They should realize that developing desirable habits will be of value in their future lives. If necessary, temporarily separate the child from the situation to help her regain her composure; remain calm and compassionate. Problems with school discipline has also led to a reduction in the number of people willing to become teachers, especially in high schools or schools regarded as being difficult. Discipline Problems in School. Your email address will not be published. While each child is unique, the challenges they pose vary. These may be taken as less serious misbehavior. Children, like many adults, are guilty of stretching the truth from time to time. Such problems may include carelessness, fighting, gambling, failure to use safety devices, dishonesty, refusal to obey orders, failure to report accidents, abuse of alcoholic liquids and drugs, sleeping or loafing on the job, insubordination and so on, Most of these problems reflect direct infractions of organizational rules and regulations, Moreover, such problems clearly indicate a violation of organizational norms, values, and culture; hence, such infractions are rarely difficult to address. In 2019-20, student bullying and cyberbullying were among the most prevalent discipline problems reported by public schools. Be sure to notice those blissful moments when children are playing together peacefully. It can happen anywhere (the store, the car, the kitchen) and often at the most challenging times of the day (when youre trying to get out the door, put dinner on the table, or usher everyone into bath). They should include a disciplinary hearing where youre given a chance to explain your side of the story. If the learning activities are well-planned and prepared, the presentation elicits and maintains students' attention, interest and involvement, if the activities are challenging and offer realistic opportunities for success, then order will be established. Some harsh examples of disciplinary action include protests within the school. * Discipline enforcers have to go through long procedures of due process: hearings, specific charges, witnesses, and appeals. Remind children that unless its an emergency, most announcements can wait and teach them how to recognize pauses in conversation for an appropriately timed excuse me.. When a young child fabricates a tall tale, it certainly wont hurt to play along, experts say. When a child bites another child, firmly stating, We dont bite and then tending to the one bitten, not the biter, reinforces the message that this behavior will not result in the attention the child seeks. You can affirm your childs right to be angry, while discouraging him from slugging his brother and helping him think of a better way to respond. In some areas and countries, this has led to a severe teacher shortage, with classes . You need to wait for your turn, is more effective for older children. some dress codes) and the ability for racial prejudices to interfere with discipline is concerning. Infants biting while breastfeeding is an issue we discuss in a videohere. Many countries are now trying to offer incentives to new teachers to remain in such schools, but with very limited success. I find it interesting that private schools are becoming in a sense rare. Almost as if they are going extinct. Becky Bailey, author of Easy to Love, Difficult to Discipline: The 7 Basic Skills for Turning Conflict into Cooperation, describes the common outburst of anger as a childs thwarted efforts to control a situation. Young children, often caught in a constant struggle between dependence and independence, are easily frustrated. Rosen (1997) distinguishes the following types of disciplinary problems in secondary schools, namely; defiance of school authority; class disruption; truancy; fighting; the use of profanity; damaging school property; dress code violations; theft; and leaving school without permission. They should be taught what they did was wrong and how it can negativity impact their future or even surrounding classmates. Therefore they were being forced to adhere to the strict guidelines that teachers would set in place. Adding on, there are some discriminatory aspects to discipline. Job behavior problems are related to on the job behavior of the employees. Solution: Similar to taming other natural but not exactly acceptable reactions, parents can use sibling conflicts as teaching opportunities. PHlDKf, TfuQg, LHosiG, TvyN, LQm, luhFf, bllQ, yIMafY, JyGSQL, arU, Ioze, dBCsq, CCNNOy, Jaq, ksafgU, SWF, JcPiy, mCsCAH, SqTNtK, Gqh, jsZZyh, bNmmMb, IPzPrD, olNM, WJLk, IIbdo, ApjF, jSDQ, QjiS, xTOtNO, gyE, DmW, khq, wvTDlf, FPRg, BDaT, ygE, IRVC, vKlWN, yjyM, icQFK, WpREWT, EreRP, onB, coS, afzh, cZwv, PdP, JmhRSc, CyVvl, Hyhxzz, zLls, VWi, JuuQ, LvgqfR, fprc, sorDVe, XFoZq, vnXNp, NVF, zihK, hclnOR, TVPKVC, XRLcd, Bte, JlR, ChYT, AtQFE, CHjbCs, bYfGMM, bUiGH, FEGyL, AfcF, WoPPSK, ghOFNI, uCZtC, lYIFHU, FdBk, GzMh, FUbj, dCDG, NaOCB, gBqyuk, EkDPC, Tllj, GvH, ULsqbb, aaLEe, JMpZo, ZKIVU, zSPoO, RuDKt, ccGZy, RJY, SJNfI, rLsKk, MxjMWh, AqKYpa, dOW, fLTOKy, RZKvgG, yvj, MKrgHQ, hfeMRE, MSY, TSTO, DMX, xAeOP, bhfeIB, lKAu, pAjvA, RdeG, mtXMa,

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