8A and 8B, respectively, show (A) an electron extractor grid used in the injector assemblies of FIG. Liposome-encapsulated Photofrin enhanced the PDT treatment of rat brain tumors. Multifunctional targeting daunorubicin plus quinacrine liposomes, modified by wheat germ agglutinin and tamoxifen, for treating brain glioma and glioma stem cells. Immediate collapse of the system occurs and energy is released as the atoms decay into thermal explosive energy. The amount of protein varies with the function of the membrane but makes up on average 50% of the mass of the membrane; ie, there is about one protein molecule per 50 of the much smaller phospholipid molecules. Herv F, Ghinea N, Scherrmann JM. The invention contemplates the use of a recording medium 26 adapted to be disposed between the outer surface of the target area 13 and the plate member 22, to provide a permanent record of the intensity, movement, and shape of the electron beam Within the tube 12. Spencer BJ, Verma IM. A single injection of liposomal asialo-erythropoietin improves motor function deficit caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Additionally, methods have been employed for the development of liposomes that can respond to external stimuli. Place a dielectric layer between two parallel charged metal plates with an electric field pointing from right to left. Chen PY, Ozawa T, Drummond DC, et al. The treatment with Hb-liposomes suggested that depending on the cellular type of Hb, it is possible to alleviate ischemia in rats. Phase 2 trial of temozolomide and PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme following concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The effect of cascading successively increases the voltage stimulation level of the released gases, which then are directed to the final injector assembly 4. Like many tumor types, early detection correlates with successful therapy. 5C shows an optical thermal lens assembly for use with either final stage of FIG. The drug was efficiently delivered to the brain, especially by targeting liposomes. This combination of actions only has a tiny effect on the overall degree to which a substance will polarize, however. Convection-enhanced delivery proved a good technique for delivery of liposomes to intracranial tumor-bearing rats. Together, the hydrogen injector assembly 4 and the resonant cavity assemblies 2, 3 form a gas injector fuel cell which is compact, light in weight and design variable. 3 shows another type of target area or screen which may be employed in the tube of Fig. Due to their unique physicochemical characteristics, liposomes have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery and in vivo bioimaging for the treatment and/or diagnosis of neurological diseases, such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, stroke, and glioma. 1.2 Type. Liposomes combined an integrin v3-specific vector with pH-responsible cell-penetrating property for highly effective antiglioma therapy through the blood-brain barrier. P. V. Kamat, K. G. Thomas, S. Barazzouk, G. Girishkumar, K. Vinodgopal, and D. Meisel, Self-assembled linear bundles of single wall carbon nanotubes and their alignment and deposition as a film in a dc field, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. Thus, in view of an idealized capacitor circuit, the object of the water capacitor circuit is to prevent electron flow through the circuit, i.e. However, in 1898, Max Lewandowsky was the first to postulate the existence of a specialized barrier at the level of cerebral vessels: the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), after he and his colleagues had carried out some experiments to demonstrate that some drugs were neurotoxic when injected directly into the brain and not into the vascular system.3 It was just in the late 1960s that Reese and Karnovsky visualized the fact that the barrier was localized to the endothelium by electron-microscopy studies.4, The BBB is composed of polarized endothelial cells connected by tight junctions of the cerebral capillary endothelium and a variety of transporters (Figure 1), which are responsible for its extremely low permeability, limiting the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS).5,6 BBB functionality is dynamically regulated by an ensemble of different cell types, such as astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons (Figure 1A).79 Endothelial cells are surrounded by a basal lamina, which is generally rich in laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen, and heparin sulfate,5,79 which may represent an interesting targeting for drug transport and provides a negatively charged interface.10,11. The switch 84 is then opened and the portion of the belt on which the electrostatic images are recorded is passed over the receptacle 49 where properly charged electroscopie powder 51 is deposited on the image areas. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Intravenous injection of liposomes was the preferred route in the majority of the works cited here. Kawaguchi AT, Haida M, Yamano M, Fukumoto D, Ogata Y, Tsukada H. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin ameliorates ischemic stroke in nonhuman primates: an acute study. Recording apparatus comprising a cathode ray tube having an inner target area, aplurality of mutually insulated conductive elements disposed on said inner target area, means including a source of electrons for. The homogeneous suspension was cast on a spacer of microscale thickness and Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Liposomes can also be targeted to cross the bloodbrain barrier (I), target the site of disease (IX), or both (II). The current standard of care for this type of cancer includes surgery, followed by treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapeutic drugs. The proteins in the membranes carry out many functions. When an electric potential is applied to a polarized crystal, the crystal undergoes a mechanical deformation which can in turn create an acoustical pressure. Piezoelectricity is an effect by which energy is converted between mechanical and electric forms. Let me repeat that the overall result is a weaker electric field between the two plates. Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier. Kawaguchi AT, Haida M, Ohba H, Yamano M, Fukumoto D, Tsukada H. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin ameliorates ischemic stroke in nonhuman primates: longitudinal observation. 313,167 9 Claims. Electrospinning shares characteristics of both electrospraying and conventional solution dry spinning of fibers. Deddens LH, van Tilborg GA, van der Toorn A, et al. with the SI unit of coulomb meter, which has no special name. Munson JM, Fried L, Rowson SA, et al. In an ambient state, randomly oriented water molecules are aligned with respect to a molecular polar orientation. A portion of the belt '78 is initially polarized by means of a source 48 of high voltage and a pair of spaced electrodes 46, 82. by a thermal head, Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02-G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. ), p. 8B, the coordination of synchronization of the circuit with the circuit of FIG. Antitumor antibiotics include doxorubicin (DOX), daunorubicin (DNR), and bleomycin. Bifunctionalized liposomes decreased brain A-plaque deposits, improving mouse impaired memory. About the first discoveries of the Leyden jar. Domenico De Martinis, Caren Chang, Tomotsugu Koyama. The deflection shield or lens, 31, superheats beyond 3,000 F. and the combustible gas ions passing through said exiting-ports are regulated to allow a gas pressure to form inside said thermal zone. Treatment with levodopa incorporated into liposomes increased the quantity of dopamine in the mouse striatum. Somani S, Dufs C. Applications of dendrimers for brain delivery and cancer therapy. Prez-Martnez FC, Ocaa AV, Prez-Carrin MD, Cea V. Dendrimers as vectors for genetic material delivery to the nervous system. A single laser coupled by means of fiber optic light guides is an alternative to the plurality of lasers shown in FIG. There exist two types of charges in nature. Kreuter J. In the circuit, the diode acts as a switch that allows the magnetic field produced in the inductor to collapse, thereby doubling the pulse frequency and preventing the capacitor from discharging. The shaft of the drum 49 is connected to the conductive portion of the drum 40 and through a brush 44 to ground. Cho, Y. Tokoi, T. Nakayama et al., Facile preparation of a polysiloxane-based composite with highly-oriented boron nitride nanosheets and an unmodified surface , Composite Science and Technology. During ionic gas combustion, highly energized and stimulated atoms and atom nuclei collide and explode during thermal excitation. The gas ions within the wave energy chamber are subjected to an oscillating high intensity voltage field in a chamber 11 in FIGS. At this point the atoms no longer tolerate the missing electrons, the unbalanced electrical field, and the energy stored in the nucleus. When a unipolar voltage pulse train such as shown in FIG. The capacitor has two plates having two different charge densities. Blood-brain barrier delivery. An electron sink, which may be in the form of the grid element shown in FIG. In the apparatus shown in FIG. CDP-choline liposomes were active against ischemic injury, improving survival rates of rats. A nitric oxide-donating flurbiprofen derivative reduces neuroinflammation without interacting with galantamine in the rat. The above-mentioned regimen was feasible, and children showed little and transient hematological toxicity. 081,859, filed Aug. 5, 1987, now U.S. Pat. As further molecular alignment occurs, molecular movement is hindered. Anderson JC, McFarland BC, Gladson CL. Therefore, their functionalization with biologically active ligands, such as peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and others, which specifically bind to receptors that are expressed on the surface of the brain endothelial cells, facilitates their binding and transport across the BBB.73,74. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis to delineate the tumor margins in glioma rat model with endoglin-targeted paramagnetic liposomes using 3T MRI. Aimed at the development of more efficient therapies for neurological disorders, extensive research is being done into the molecular and cell biology of many of these disorders. The rats treated with CDDP liposomes + hyperthermia had the longest survival time, and the tumor CDDP level of this group was the highest when compared to the other groups. One preferred form of screen for the tube usedin this embodiment is formed by providing the inner surface of the target area of the tube with a mosaic of secondary emissive material. Progressive production and accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates, such as neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid- (A) plaques are thought to underlie the neuropathology of AD, leading to brain atrophy and neurodegeneration.104 In addition, some studies have also suggested that deficits in cholinergic neurotransmitter systems and increased levels of free radicals or proinflammatory cytokines might be involved in AD neuropathogenesis.105108 More recently, a new potential cause for AD has been found in the behavior of certain immune cells that normally protect the brain instead beginning to consume a vital nutrient: the amino acid arginine.109 This new discovery has implications not only in a new potential cause of the disease but also as a new strategy for targeting disease. Liposome formulations were demonstrated to be a good delivery and release system for the brain striatum of anti-PD agents. Electric field is the gradient of electric potential (better known as voltage). Perhaps the only time the word dielectric is used is in reference to the nonconducting layer of a capacitor. The primary coil of the torroid is subject to a 50% duty cycle pulse. No. WebElectric Force by Coulomb's Law formula states that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and is represented as F = [Coulomb] * q 1 * q 2 /(r ^2) or Force = Voltage and capacitance are inversely proportional when charge is constant. It was also demonstrated that just angiopep-2 peptide was able to target BBB and glioma cells at the same time,219 and RGD peptide targeted both BBTB and tumor cells.204,207,209. There are more than 100 different types of brain and CNS tumors. When employed as a printer for alphabetical or numerical information, the cathode-ray tube of the present invention is provided with means for shaping the crosssection of the electron beam in the form of characters. An electron in an insulator is like a guard dog tied to a tree free to move around, but within limits. 5A, semiconductor optical lasers 20a-20p, 20xxx surround the gas flow path. Liu Y, Mei L, Xu C, et al. 436, no. Dual receptor recognizing cell penetrating peptide for selective targeting, efficient intratumoral diffusion and synthesized anti-glioma therapy. Learn more Those portions of the recording medium 26 that are,not exposed between the plate member 26 and the energized portion of the target area 13, remain unpolarized and form a field" for the images produced by the polarized regions. Thus, the water capacitor is preferably chemically inert. The major lipids are phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. In case of a homogeneous magnetization, the problem Li XY, Zhao Y, Sun MG, et al. The absorbed energy from all sources causes the gas nuclei to increase in energy state, and induces the ejection of electrons from the nuclei. Ren H, Boulikas T, Lundstrom K, Sling A, Warnke PC, Rainov NG. For maximal neuroprotection, administration dose of liposome-encapsulated Xe must be 714 mg/kg. Liposome-encapsulated irinotecan prolonged median survival time in tumor-bearing mice. Drug delivery to the central nervous system by polymeric nanoparticles: What do we know? 15, no. Even a slight potential difference applied to inert, conductive plates of a containment chamber which forms a capacitor will initiate polar atomic orientation within the water molecule based on polarity differences. In this embodiment, a plurality of closely spaced conductors which extend through the target area of the tube are employed as the screen of the cathode-ray tube. 8. ), Molecular Physiology of Storage Root Formation and Development in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Magnify. Proteins also function as enzymes, catalyzing reactions at the surfaces of the membrane. Once triggered, the thermal explosive energy output is controllable by the attenuation of operational parameters. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D are illustrations depicting various theoretical bases for atomic phenomena expected to occur during operation of the invention herein. PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin-efficacy in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. Tanifum EA, Dasgupta I, Srivastava M, et al. The intensity of the beam of electrons in the cathoderay tube and its position on the screen or target area 13 is controlled by a source 20 of control signals which may be of any desired type. Direct in vivo MRI-based detection after stroke was achieved only with ICAM-I-targeted MPIO. MRI mediated, non-invasive tracking of intratumoral distribution of nanocarriers in rat glioma. 12. Recording apparatus in accordance with claim 7 wherein said polarizable member is a continuous belt polarizable member. Improving cerebral blood flow through liposomal delivery of angiogenic peptides: potential of. Furthermore, multifunctional liposomes can be engineered into a single structure, providing a powerful approach to improve disease-specific detection, treatment, and follow-up monitoring.30 The term theranostic is used for nanoparticles that incorporate both therapeutic and diagnostic agents onto the same system.75 One example of theranostic agent for brain delivery was described by Wen et al,76 using quantum dots and apomorphine liposomally encapsulated for both brain therapy and imaging. Two Savart plates rotated by 45 o relative to each other are swapped to measure the relative Stokes q and u parameters from the two split images of each source in the field. CNS delivery via adsorptive transcytosis. 3. 156261m, 1972 (Zubrilov et al.). 5A. Hwang H, Jeong HS, Oh PS, et al. 6669, 2010. Ligand-targeted liposomes delivered in a specific way a high concentration of BSH into the tumor tissue. The frequency range of acoustic waves is between 1 Hz to tens of thousands of Hz. Wei X, Chen X, Ying M, Lu W. Brain tumor-targeted drug delivery strategies. Werner-Wasik M, Scott CB, Nelson DF, et al. government site. Yun X, Maximov VD, Yu J, Zhu H, Vertegel AA, Kindy MS. Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of antioxidant enzymes to the brain after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. In no time at all, we'll have an excess electrons on one side and a deficit on the other. Physics of the Body (255). Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF, Tureyen K. CDP-choline liposomes provide significant reduction in infarction over free CDP-choline in stroke. Schematic illustration of heat diffusion route in polysiloxane/BN nanosheets composite film; (a) random distribution, (b) ordered distribution with LABNs. 1, pp. Improving efficiency of adriamycin crossing blood brain barrier by combination of thermosensitive liposomes and hyperthermia. Fig. Xia CF, Boado RJ, Zhang Y, Chu C, Pardridge WM. The two words refer to the same class of materials, but are of different origin and are used preferentially in different contexts. The positive and negative attraction forces are co-ordinate and operate on said gas ions simultaneously; the attraction forces are non-reversible. Fresta M, Puglisi G, Di Giacomo C, Russo A. Liposomes as in-vivo carriers for citicoline: effects on rat cerebral post-ischaemic reperfusion. Attenuation of the voltage field frequency in the form of OFF and ON pulses likewise affects output of the staged apparatus. In an example of the circuit of FIG. Gases that do not undergo the gas ionization process may accept the liberated electrons (electron entrapment) when exposed to light or photon stimulation. Ligand-targeted imaging liposomes demonstrated enhancement of the tumor periphery, demarcating glioma tumor margins accurately. According to a World Health Organization report, about 1.5 billion people globally are suffering from neurological diseases.42 The prevalence of neurological disorders is expected to have a significant increase in the next decade, as the aging population is highly increasing and living longer. target area to excite said elements, a conductive member having a predetermined curvature said member being. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Mabuchi E, Shimizu K, Miyao Y, et al. Ananda S, Nowak AK, Cher L, et al. In the process, the electrical resonance may be reached at all levels of voltage potential. Some insulators will remain in their polarized state for hours, days, years, or even centuries. Laham A, Claperon N, Durussel JJ, et al. The formulation was highly neurotoxic after CED administration, and resulted in the death of animals after 24 hours. The apparatus of claim 1 in which water is included as a dielectric between conductive members that form a capacitor in the resonant circuit. Grahn AY, Bankiewicz KS, Dugich-Djordjevic M, et al. I bet there are even some bizarre materials for which this coefficient is negative (although I don't know for sure). Ding H, Sagar V, Agudelo M, et al. 46, no. In the circuit of FIG. The gas ions reach a critical energy state at a resonant state. Other processes have been proposed for many years in which controlled energy producing reactions of atomic particles are expected to occur under "cold" conditions. Influence of glioma tumour microenvironment on the transport of ANG1005 via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. Liposomes significantly improved the neurological deficit. Enhanced efficacy of functionalized epirubicin liposomes in treating brain glioma-bearing rats. A blocking diode directs the electron flow to said electrical load while resistive wire prevents voltage leakage during pulse train "ON" time. Internalization of microbubbles by tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. Dose escalation and pharmacokinetics of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in children with solid tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Liposome-encapsulated Hb promoted reduction in size of cerebral infarction in rats. A conventional source 16 of high voltage and a voltage divider 18 provide suitable focusing and accelerating potentials of the electron beam of the tube. By the laws of electrical attraction, molecules align according to positive and negative polarity fields of the molecule and the alignment field. voltage is maintained across the charged capacitor. PMC legacy view Lin LF, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F. GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Lazar AN, Mourtas S, Youssef I, et al. Z. Meng, Poly(arylene disulfide)/graphite nanosheets composites as bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol. Delivery of sodium borocaptate to glioma cells using immunoliposome conjugated with anti-EGFR antibodies by ZZ-His. 1; Fig. Convection-enhanced delivery was a good technique for the delivery of liposomes to intracranial tumor-bearing rats. Benesch M, Urban C. Liposomal cytarabine for leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis: recent developments. 4 illustrates a staged arrangement of apparatus useful in the process, beginning with a water inlet and culminating in the production of thermal explosive energy. FIGS. 1Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, So Paulo, Brazil, 2Faculdade de Cincias Mdicas da Santa Casa de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil. Engineering design parameters based on known theoretical principles of atomic physics determine the incremental levels of electrical and wave energy input required to produce resonance in each stage of the system. Reduction of ischemic brain damage and increase of glutathione by a liposomal preparation of quercetin in permanent focal ischemia in rats. 1 is a simplified illustration of the principles of the invention. The characteristics of aqueous-insolubility ease of aggregate formation and the fact that these dyes do not readily cross the BBB suggest that it would be desirable to develop a liposome-based system. Tian W, Ying X, Du J, et al. Della Latta V, Cecchettini A, Del Ry S, Morales MA. Imaizumi S, Woolworth V, Fishman RA, Chan PH. Efficiency of liposomal ATP in cerebral ischemia: bioavailability features. Loyse A, Thangaraj H, Easterbrook P, et al. Jiang F, Lilge L, Logie B, Li Y, Chopp M. Photodynamic therapy of 9L gliosarcoma with liposome-delivered photofrin. The negatively charged electron is attracted toward the positively charged hydrogen atoms, while at the same time, the negatively charged oxygen atoms repel electrons. It can be concluded that the development of liposomes for brain delivery is still in its infancy, although these systems have the potential to revolutionize the ways in which medicine is administered. Ishii T, Fukuta T, Agato Y, et al. Surface-functionalization methodologies improve, at least in part, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of liposomes into the brain. The increasing voltage potential is always positive in direct relationship to negative ground potential during each pulse. Curcumin-conjugated nanoliposomes with high affinity for A deposits: possible applications to Alzheimer disease. A single cell, or a battery of cells such as shown in FIG. Wang Y, Xu H, Fu Q, Ma R, Xiang J. For this purpose, a huge variety of contrast agents have been encapsulated into liposomes. Yamashita Y, Krauze MT, Kawaguchi T, et al. 5 to 8. Owner name: Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 7, by means of an interconnected synchronization circuit, such as shown in FIG. Liposomal treatment reduced injury by decreasing the effect of MMP9, due to higher production of neutrophils. In prokaryotes (cells such as bacteria in which there is no nucleus), the membranes are relatively simple, but in eukaryotes (cells containing nuclei), cell membranes contain various glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol. 6C. Liposomes might cross the BBB, since the nanostructures selectively bind to A-plaque deposits to both parenchymal plates and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The smallest tumor among those tested, having a diameter of 1 mm, was successfully imaged by the liposomal. Wagner S, Peters O, Fels C, et al. DMPC, DOTAP, and cholesterol DMPC and cholesterol. Tumor-specific targeting of sodium borocaptate (BSH) to malignant glioma by transferrin-PEG liposomes: a modality for boron neutron capture therapy. Assignors: CINCIONE, ALPHONSE P., ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF STANLEY A. MEYER, MEYER, STANLEY A., ESTATE, PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL, CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. Pathways for crossing the bloodbrain barrier (BBB). For example, such ligands as chlorotoxin,206,215,221 TR peptide,205 RGERPPR peptides,216 folate,64,65 anti-EGFR antibody,222 and IL-13,223 have been successfully attached to the surface of liposomes. When intelligence is to be recorded electrostatically by the arrangement of Fig. This liposomal formulation was able to accumulate in the brain ischemic zone and be retained there for at least 24 hours after injection. Efficacy of interleukin-13 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin in the intracranial brain tumor model. In the device of FIG. Patel T, Zhou J, Piepmeier JM, Saltzman WM. 84018405, 2006. 8 illustrates a recording arrangement for providing a visible record of intelligence which is projected onto the screen of a cathode-ray tube in a radar receiver. Yan J, Zheng M, Zhang D. Chrysophanol liposome preconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice. WebLinear assembles of BN nanosheets (LABNs) were fabricated in polysiloxane/BN nanosheet composite film under a high DC electric field. Mei DY, Gao HL, Gong WH, Pang ZQ, Jiang XG, Chen J. Anti-glioma effect of doxorubicin loaded liposomes modified with angiopep-2. Last but not least, plant-pathogen interactions. Pharmacokinetics of the carmustine implant. The charged atoms and electrons are attracted to opposite polarity voltage zones created between the capacitor plates. Stanimirovic DB, Markovic M, Micic DV, Spatz M, Mrsulja BB. Targeted liposomes crossed the BBB and delivered -mangostin into rat brain. Liposomes were able to deliver a higher amount of SOD into the brain. At the same time the interconnected electron extractor circuit, FIG. Omori N, Maruyama K, Jin G, et al. Liposome-based drugs on market or in clinical trials for brain-targeted drug delivery. In a final stage, an injector system 4, of a configuration of the type shown in FIGS. Sarkar S, Das N. Mannosylated liposomal flavonoid in combating age-related ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative damage in rat brain. Theranostic liposomes in combination with CED allowed in vivo monitoring of therapeutic distribution of liposomes into brain tumor-bearing monkeys. As mentioned above, nanosheets can be polarized by a strong DC electric field and the charge density increases toward the longitudinal edges [13, 24]. Pardridge WM. An apparatus in accordance with claim 7 including means for directing the gas mixture to a combustion locus. 4. There have also been major advances in the study of embryology and development at the cellular level. The recording medium 26 is preferably thin, flexible, and has high insulating properties. The gas atoms are thereafter ionized or otherwise energized and thermally combusted to release a degree of energy greater than that of combustion of the gas in ambient air. As free enzymes possess no BBB-penetration capacity and degrade rapidly in the serum, SOD encapsulation in liposomes was needed. 5B. More importantly, liposomes may provide an excellent therapeutic tool for treatment or diagnosis of neurological disorders, due to their ability to cross the BBB and efficiently deliver drugs and/or contrast agents into the CNS, as discussed in this article. A liposome-based therapeutic vaccine against -amyloid plaques on the pancreas of transgenic NORBA mice. Different liposomal formulations and strategies have been developed for enhancing drug delivery across the BBB. The water molecules are subjected to increasing electrical forces. It would be thus be desirable to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the disease and the development of improved diagnostic devices and treatments. WebThe many books on introductory electromagnetics can be roughly divided into two main groups. Depending on calculated design parameters, a predetermined voltage and frequency range may be designed for any particular application or physical configuration of the apparatus. The tails are relatively insoluble (nonpolar, hydrophobic). (S) 97. The direct summation of all those dipole fields would require three-dimensional integration just to obtain the field of one magnet, which may be intricate.. The latin word for island is, Inserting a layer of nonmetallic solid between the plates of a capacitor increases its capacitance. WebElectrospinning is a fiber production method that uses electric force to draw charged threads of polymer solutions or polymer melts up to fiber diameters in the order of some hundred nanometers. Even though the PEGylation of liposomes prolongs their circulation time in the body, it does allow liposomes to cross the BBB. The expression of GDNF genes, under the influence of a rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter, was observed in organs where the TH gene is highly expressed, including the substantia nigra, adrenal gland, and liver. Shibata S, Ochi A, Mori K. Liposomes as carriers of cisplatin into the central nervous system: experiments with 9L gliomas in rats. 5C to provide a controlled thermal energy output. Like charges repel and the electrons run away from each other as fast as they can until they're distributed uniformly throughout; one electron for every proton on average in the space surrounding every atom. The circuit shown in FIG. e-book dowloadable at the link: http://journal.frontiersin.org/researchtopic/2319/one-rotten-apple-spoils-the-whole-barrel-the-plant-hormone-ethylene-the-small-molecule-and-its-compl The gaseus molecule ethylene (C2H4), industrially produced worldwide, small in size and simple in structure, is also a plant hormone usually associated to fruit ripening. Other ambient air gases and ions not otherwise consumed limit the thermal explosive process. A method of obtaining thermal energy from water, consisting of: (A) providing a capacitor, within which water is included as a dielectric, in a resonant charging choke circuit that includes an inductance in series with the capacitor; (B) subjecting the capacitor to a pulsating, unipolar electric field in which the polarity does not pass beyond an arbitrary ground, whereby the water molecules within the capacitor are subjected to a charge of the same polarity; (C) further subjecting the water in said capacitor to said pulsating electric field to achieve a pulse frequency such that the pulsating electric field induces a resonance within the water molecule; (D) continuing the application of the pulsing frequency to the capacitor after resonance occurs so that the energy level within the molecule is increased in cascading incremental steps in proportion to the number of pulses; (E) maintaining the charge of said capacitor during the application of the pulsing field, whereby the co-valent electrical bonding of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within said molecules is destabilized, such that the force of the electrical field applied within the molecule exceeds the bonding force of the molecule, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms are liberated from the molecule as elemental gases; (F) collecting said hydrogen and oxygen gases, and any other gases that were formerly dissolved within the water. Web230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 20; 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19; 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 16; 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 13; 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 11; 230000001376 precipitating Effects 0.000 description 9; Pacheco-Torres J, Mukherjee N, Walko M, et al. The search for reports on the use of liposomes as drug-delivery nanocarriers for the treatment and/or diagnosis of stroke is shown in Figure 3. By this means an electrostatic record of the intelligence developed in the cathode-ray tube is produced on the recording medium. H. Wang, H. Zhang, W. Zhao, W. Zhang, and G. Chen, Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PMMA/expanded graphite composites, Composites Science and Technology, vol. 6B. Kakehata J, Yamaguchi T, Togashi H, et al. Bertrand Y, Currie JC, Poirier J, et al. The gas ions incrementally reach a critical-state which occurs after a high energy resonant state. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In a more specific explanation of the "sub-atomic" action that occurs in the water cell that provides a fuel gas for the subsequent stages, it is known that natural water is a liquid which has a dielectric constant of 78.54 at 20 C. and 1 atm pressure. Liposome-encapsulated Hb treatment persistently reduced damage beyond the acute phase of ischemia. Once the applied resonant energy caused by pulsation of the electrical field in the cavities reaches a threshold level, the disassociated water molecules, now in the form of liberated hydrogen, oxygen, and ambient air gases begin to ionize and lose or gain electrons during the final stage in the injector assembly. 2, 7 or 9, and such cavity circuits may be in sequence to provide a cascading energy input. This is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application Ser. Madhankumar AB, Slagle-Webb B, Wang X, et al. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischaemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. l is of a conventional type except that it is provided at one end with a screen or target area 13 which is substantially flat so as to accommodate a flat recording medium 26 in contact with or nearly in contact with its outer surface. The apparatus of claim 8 in which the combustion locus is in a jet engine. Because an electron will only occupy a certain electron shell (the shells are well known) the voltage applied to the capacitor affects the electrical forces inherent in the co-valent bond. This strategy relies on liposomal ligand interaction with the very specific receptor-mediated transport system in the BBB. Transfections in vivo resulted in reduction in number of apoptotic cells in the infarct and penumbra area. 30, 1981. WebWater molecules are broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gas atoms in a capacitive cell by a polarization and resonance process dependent upon the dielectric properties of water and water molecules. The concentration of cationic liposomes was greater into the brain parenchyma compared to anionic and neutral liposomes. Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, et al. 1 arrangement, an electrically capacitative plate 22 is located in juxtaposition with and slightly spaced from the outer surface of the target area of the tube 74. It isn't worth the wait. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1 or claim 2 or claim 3 or claim 5 in which the gas mixture released is collected and utilized as a source of thermal energy, and including further successively interconnected: (A) means for collecting the gas mixture released in the apparatus; (B) means for providing a pulsating, polar electric field to the gas mixture, whereby electrons of the gas atoms are distended in their orbital fields by reason of their subjection to electrical polar forces, at a frequency such that the pulsating electric field induces a resonance with respect to an electron of the gas atom; and the energy level of the resonant electron is increased in cascading, incremental steps; and. Yang ZZ, Zhang YQ, Wang ZZ, Wu K, Lou JN, Qi XR. AD is a progressive and irreversible disease of the brain, affecting mainly people aged over 65 years. The target area or screen 33 of the tube 32 may be any of the types described above with reference to Fig. In this way, the carbocyanine dyes have been encapsulated into liposomes with the ability to demarcate tumors.60,256,269 The results of these studies suggest that those formulations, independent of the mode of administration, stained the tumor tissue and increased their bioavailability.60,256,269 However, the use of these fluorescent probes has the disadvantage of requiring low-light conditions for the visualization of tumors in vivo, which is not useful in a surgical environment. Liposomes are roughly nano- or microsize vesicles consisting of one or more lipid bilayers surrounding an aqueous compartment. Draw electric field lines due to two equal but unlike charges. 4,826,581. First, water molecules are slit into component atomic elements (hydrogen and oxygen gases) by a voltage stimulation process which also releases dissolve gases entrapped in the water. Rivera F, Costa G, Abin A, et al. tPA-liposome therapy reduced vascular membrane damage and hemorrhagic transformation after ischemia. Lee HJ, Bae EJ, Lee SJ. Chen W, Li H, Liu Z, Yuan W. Lipopolyplex for therapeutic gene delivery and its application for the treatment of Parkinsons disease. Ishii T, Asai T, Fukuta T, et al. For example, recent reports introduced the concept of magnetic liposomes as a targeting moiety for delivering of therapeutic molecules across the BBB. AD, PD, and Huntingtons disease were grouped together in this topic, because a growing number of studies indicates that these disorders share in common some features, such as the accumulation of intracellular or extracellular protein aggregates, selective degeneration of neurons, inclusion-body formation, and inflammation in particular brain regions.82 However, the search for reports on the use of liposomes for delivery of active or imaging compounds against neurological diseases was done individually. in the tube the'other. They are next, themselves polarized and "elongated" by the application of an electric potential to the extent that covalent bonding of the water molecule is so weakened that the atoms disassociate and the molecule breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen elemental components. Liposomes for plasmid delivery inhibited rat glioma growth. N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucine amide,178 and a combination of synergistic drugs.156,175 Very recently, a promising uncoupling new drug ZL006 (5-(3, 5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid) was developed for stroke treatment. In addition, citicoline restored Na+/K+ ATPase, inhibited activation of phospholipase A2, and accelerated cerebral edema reabsorption.198 Therefore, citicoline was considered a good candidate for molecular therapy for stroke, since its acts at several points on the ischemic pathway. Drug therapies to the brain have been particularly inefficient, especially due to the BBB, as discussed earlier. Electrospun micro- and nanofibers for sustained delivery of paclitaxel to treat C6 Glioma in vitro. The successive energization of the gas atoms provides a cascading effect, successively increasing the voltage stimulation level of the released gasses as they sequentially pass through cavities 2, 3, etc. Antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I by HVJ-liposome mediated gene transfer attenuates ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. 6A) incrementally achieves the critical state of said gas ions. Huang FY, Lee TW, Kao CH, et al. [See, e.g., Rafelski, J. and Jones, S. E., "Cold Nuclear Fusion," Scientific American, July, 1987, page 84]. Gao JQ, Lv Q, Li LM, et al. The new PMC design is here! Vieira DB, Gamarra LF. In this manner a continuous voltage is produced across the capacitor plates in the water bath; and the capacitor does not discharge. In operation, the drum 40 is moved in synchronism with the intelligence which is projected onto the screen 33 of the tube 32 so that the images are recorded at predetermined positions along the drum. 4, pp. Enhanced optical imaging of human gliomas and tumor margins. 1. Nanoparticles accumulate in ischemic core and penumbra region even when cerebral perfusion is reduced. The drum A) may be rotated continuously or in steps if desired. Web92. During MJ, Freese A, Deutch AY, et al. Mistry A, Stolnik S, Illum L. Nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. Based on Figures 3 and 4, the filaments of LABNs are considered to be composed of groups of linearly aligned nanosheets. Liposomes usually improve the therapeutic index of new or established drugs by prolonging biological half-life and reducing their side effects. 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