Out of his mouth go burning torches, and sparks of fire leap forth. Hartley observed: Egyptian pharaohs took pride in slaying a hippopotamus. In explaining the language of Isaiah and other Bible writers, John Day commented: Canaanite mythic imagery was the most impressive means in that ancient cultural milieu whereby to display the sovereignty and transcendence of Yahweh, along with His superiority over Baal and all other earthly contenders. This position has become so popular in modern times that few commentators have bothered to challenge the proposed identification of these beasts. By Joshua Mitnick November 4, 2015 12:00 am. REPRODUCTION & DISCLAIMERS: We are happy to grant permission for this article to be reproduced in part or in its entirety, as long as our stipulations are observed. added). There is absolutely no hint of Jobs leviathan having multiple heads. Or pierce his jaw through with a hook? If one lay at him with the sword, it cannot avail; Nor the spear, the dart, nor the pointed shaft (41:1-2,26). Pfeiffer, Charles F. (1960), Lotan and Leviathan, Evangelical Quarterly, 32:208-211. In reality, there are more than just one or two points that are inconsistent with the suggestion that the leviathan is little more than a crocodile. Yes, it's afilm that seems tooffer little hope but not inthe sense ofsuggesting that life inRussia is, andever shall be, impossible: Theworld of''Leviathan'' hardly spells out where this life actually does exist, andwhether it has even existed atall. Ineffect, ''Leviathan'' represents a(less heavily metaphorical) elaboration ofthe themes Zvyagintsev broached in''The Return'': theFather has gone, vanished intothe fog, while theChildren have set about playing adirty, shameful game where thelosers are inevitably those who choose simply tostand off tothe side andnot do anyone any harm. And so there is no legitimate reason for rejecting behemoth and leviathan as real animals. Another disturbing trend is how certain many of the critics sound when identifying these animals. Why then make statements of that kind? In the following portion of the Ugaritic myth, a discussion is taking place between Baal and Mot (Death), wherein Mot gives Baal the credit for having slain Lotan. Scholars also allude to the Ugaritic texts where, they point out, the violent goddess Anat boasts of having conquered along with Leviathan a bovine creature called gliltk that may be rendered the ferocious bullock of El (Pope, p. 269). Director Andrei Zvyagintsev, whose bleak depiction of his homeland in the Oscar-nominated film Leviathan divided Russia, said on Wednesday the polarisation proved his movie had "touched something . The evidence documents overwhelmingly that the behemoth and leviathan of Job 40-41 are flesh-and-blood animals, not imaginary creatures. To suggest that the godly men and writers of the Old Testament believed in these mythological creatures is to make an abrasive and completely unwarranted assumption. 27.1). Alexei Serebryakov, the star of Golden Globe-winning movie Leviathan, is facing backlash in Russia after making critical remarks on the country and his countrymen. He challenged a real God that was (and is) alive. He did, however, draw upon the common stock of poetic imagery known to his people just as contemporary writers allude to mythology to illustrate a point without thereby expressing or encouraging faith in the story so used (1960, 32:209). Payne, J. Barton (1980), Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, ed. Scholars who take the mythological approach when interpreting Job 40-41 simply are making comparisons to their liking. How could it thus be said of the crocodile that he beholdeth everything that is highwhen he himself is so close to the ground? Gray (1964), A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Job (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark). Sign up for THR news straight to your inbox every day. Wolfers, David (1995), Deep Things Out of Darkness (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). So what is thereal reason as towhy Zvyagintsev's "Leviathan" is succeeding where "Cargo 200" failed? Keil, C.F. Israel is set to become a regional power-house in natural gas exports, after a series of massive gas deposits were found in Israel's territorial waters. As critic Alyona Solntseva recently argued onthe Gazeta.ru news site, some ofthe reasons are circumstantial. As Facebook logic dictates, you've got tostand upon your digital soapbox andpublicly declare your position (never mind that no one's asked tohear it). According to Jehovah, the leviathans sneezings flash forth light, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the morning. In his commentary on Job, Roy Zuck made the following observation concerning mythology and its relation to the book. The problem of identifying these two creatures was acknowledged by T.K. Man, according to Christ, existed from the beginning of the creation (Mark 10.6; cf. Then, in commenting on the teeth of leviathan (Job 41:14), Pope compared them to the formidable dentition of the monsters engendered by Tiamat (p. 284). added). Currently, only 10% of over 1400 reviews are positive. Infact, extremely disturbing Russian films rarely get alot ofnotice abroad, because people can't relate tothem. Sixth, poetic use of hyperbole, including the possible utilization of traits from mythology, is characteristic of poetry in general and of the book of Job in particular (Gordis, 1978, p. 571). Job 41 is dominated by the idea of the beasts utter invincibility. Such an act symbolizes his complete mastery of this beast (1988, p. 525). The other possibility, of course, is that there was a real animal at one time that breathed fire. Fourth, instead of attempting to prove that these are mythological creatures, some mythologizers try to reason in a somewhat reverse fashion. A triangular shape, also signifying a man sitting cross-legged, via the infinity symbol at the bottom it signifies permanence and eternity, the two cross-beams at the top (the Orthodox Cross) signifies the levels of the universe, material and spiritual. Rather, Job is presented as a devout monotheist who rejected then-popular mythological concepts (cf. In his commentary on Job, Gordis elaborated on this point: A passing mythological reference, such as we encounter in Isa. Perhaps the mythological theory rests mostly on the simple evidence of leviathans name and its use elsewhere in biblical and pagan literature. Additionally, Egyptian monuments frequently picture single hunters attacking the hippo with a spear (McClintock and Strong, 1968, 1:728). Hartley, John E (1988), The Book of Job (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). The biblical and scientific evidence makes it clear that the third choice is the only correct option. Herodotus discussed how they captured crocodiles (Rowley, 1980, p. 259), and how that, after being seized, some even were tamed (Jackson, 1983, p. 87). The text indicates that no man could approach the behemoth with a sword (40:19), nor was he able to capture him (40:24). Roy B. Zuck (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). I don't believe that Zvyagintsev has assembled aseries ofRussophobic stereotypes inthe film. Supporters of the mythological view make all these comparisons, and many more. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Leviathan and what it means. Its dark depiction of Russian life centers on the issue of official. This question has been discussed intensely since the invasion in February. No, he was probably doing nothing more than utilizing for poetic purposes a common notion that his hearers would understand. Morris, Henry M. (1988), The Remarkable Record of Job (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). Mythologizers suggest that the animals described in Job 40-41 are neither crocodiles, hippopotamuses, nor any other known creature. January 1, 2001. ''Leviathan'' is a commentary on the law and chernukha that restores the original Latin meaning to the word "corruption." Corruption here means decay, putrefaction; it entails the mutilation of. The tail of a hippopotamus would surely not have been compared to a cedar by a truthful though poetic observer like the author of chapters 38-39 (Cheyne, 1887, p. 56). Even though leviathan seemingly refers to a mythological creature in three passages of Scripture (Job 3:8; Psalm 74:14; Isaiah 27:1), there is at least one passage (other than Job 41) that speaks of it as a real animal. They'll know approximately nothing about thecorruption endemic toevery level ofthe power vertical, andless about its relationship with theRussian Orthodox Church. Yury Saprykin is acultural commentator. All Rights Reserved. Yet it is known that ancient Egyptians hunted and captured both the crocodile and the hippopotamus (Driver and Gray, 1964, p. 353). This certainly is not impossible physiologically, as various scientists have pointed out (see, for example: DeYoung, 2000, pp. In 1892, C.H. Seventh, allowing for the use of highly poetic language at times, the book of Job remains realistic throughout (Anderson, 1974, p. 288). Russia, no doubt, exists onthe very periphery oftheir awareness ofthe global landscape; even minor political gestures apropos ofthat country would take them far beyond thebounds oftheir profession. He is beyond the power of men to capture (Driver and Gray, 1964, p. 353). Published The tyrant with seven heads. Mythologizers frequently cite Ugaritic passages as proof that the leviathan in Job 41 is, in fact, a mythological monster. Mentioning his name does not mean that one believes such a person exists (1978, p. 24). 6. And therfore, as when there is a controversy in an account, the parties must by their own accord, set up for right Reason, the Reason of some Arbitrator, or Judge, to whose sentence they will both stand, or their controversie must either come to blowes, . 2022 Cable News Network. These creatures are mythological! Gods argument would have collapsed of its own weight. Many scholars identify the leviathan of this verse with a mythological creature described in Ugaritic myths. It also is interesting to note that in Job 41, God does not mention leviathan having multiple heads, as is stated in the mythopoetic language of Psalm 74:14: Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces. Mythology speaks of leviathan as having seven heads, but in the description of Job 41 we read that he has only one head (v. 7), one tongue (v. 1), one nose (v. 2), and one jaw (v. 2). But even though the Bible is not based on pagan mythology, on occasion it does contain unmistakable allusions to it. Now Yahweh is showing Job that his apprehensions were not misplaced. A Warner Bros. Apologetics Press is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization dedicated to the defense of New Testament Christianity. When commenting on behemoth and leviathan, modern scholars who do not hold to the mythological view choose to make a general statement like, Most identify these beasts as the hippo and the crocodile. But then they give little if any evidence to support such a claim. Thenotion that Americans andWesterners ingeneral are desperate toreward art that denigrates Russia is very popular. . Serebryakovs opinion can be irritating to someone and people have the right to disagree with him, but the harassment that ensued, calls to strip him of his Russian passport and ban him from ever working again this just proves his point, that the Russian society is ill, he went on to say. But those same scholars quickly point out the instances in which behemoth is used in some of the ancient Jewish writings that echo ancient pagan mythology. First, of course, it is evident that certain Old Testament passages speak clearly of leviathan and behemoth in various contexts without any hint whatsoever of mythological or symbolic implication. From the existence of these animals, God obviously intended Job to draw important conclusions regarding the nature of the world and mans place in it. Concerning leviathan, Wolfers wrote: Underside like sharpest potsherds, swimming in sea rather than river, and breathing fire and smoke, are incompatibilities between Leviathan and the crocodile (p. 191). By citing extrabiblical texts such as 1 Enoch 60:7-9, 4 Ezra 49-52, and 2 Baruch 29:4, Pope has suggested that behemoth had a prototype in pre-Israelite mythology that was connected in some ancient myth, or played similar roles in different myths (1965, p. 269). Those holding to this view do admit that the plural form behemot occurs elsewhere in the Old Testament without any hint of mythological implications (cf. After quoting various Ugaritic passages like the ones above, those who support the mythological view seek to make a connection with Psalm 74:12-14 and its allusion to the tradition of a leviathan with many heads once smitten by the Almighty long ago. Harris, R. Laird (1992), The Doctrine of God in the Book of Job, Sitting with Job, ed. It is equally strange towatch people insist that Zvyagintsev is asoulless attention seeker who loves nothing besides getting awards. added). (1961), Texts from the Ras Shamra, Documents from Old Testament Times, ed. 155ff.). Massive Conspiracy Against All Life is the fourth full-length album by San Francisco -based one-man black metal band Leviathan . Driver, S.R. A summary of Part X (Section10) in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan. Behemoth and LeviathanCreatures of Controversy. Taylor, Paul S. (1989), The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible (Colorado Springs, CO: Chariot Victor). Russian viewers immediately took up aposition oneither side ofthe barricades andlaunched themselves intoa status war which, mind you, has been thecase with all public discussions oflate. Meanwhile, Leviathan director Andrei Zvyagintsev and producers Alexander Rodnyansky supported the actor. Everyone knows that Americans love depressing, hopeless portraits ofRussia even more than they love McNuggets andpickup trucks!". People who have never set foot inRussia can respond tothe irresistibly atmospheric nature ofthis story, where piercing human tragedy is muted andco-opted bybureaucracy. Marvin Pope takes the view that the supernatural character of leviathan can be seen quite clearly in this passage, as well as from the myths mentioned above (pp. Have I not muzzled the Dragon, holding her in a muzzle? Roy B. Zuck (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). Aheadline such as "Nothing Unusual Happened inSaratov Today" doesn't stand achance against something like "A Posse ofKalashnikov-Toting Naked Babushkas Robbed aVodka Distillery inSaratov Today.". "Leviathan" has been showered with awards, but the Russian film has sparked a controversy in over whether it is undermining Vladimir. This question has been discussed intensely since the invasion in February. Unafraid, Yahweh can approach Behemoth with his sword. "Of course! Marvin Pope probably is the most recent well-known supporter of the mythological view. Russias invasion of Ukraine has significantly extended the range of foreign policy instruments that the Kremlin deems acceptable for use. If Edwin Good was speaking of present-day animals, he was correct when he wrote: There is simply no plausible natural counterpart to Leviathan (1990, p. 361). The point need not be labored that an uncompromising monotheism is the indispensable religious background for the book of Job and for the discussion of the issue of evil which it raises. In expressing his thoughts that the great sea monsters were created by Yahweh, the Psalmist wrote: There go the ships; there is leviathan, whom thou hast formed to play therein (Psalm 104:26). (1905), The Book of Job (London: Methuen). Having worked inthe media foryears, I can honestly say that weird andridiculous stories about Russia do reach awider audience, simply because weird andridiculous stories from"exotic" locations always reach awider audience. I suppose that one ofthe most convenient things about thebacklash against themovie is theopportunity forthe Culture Ministry toexplain why most ofits lavishly financed film projects don't find anaudience abroad. Moses wrote: For in six days Jehovah made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is (Exodus 20:11, emp. Ezekiel 14:14,20; James 5:11) who experienced real pain. Discovery Company. J.D. R. Laird Harris (Chicago, IL: Moody). In an interview earlier this week to prominent journalist Yuri Dud, Serebryakov said that Russias most common traits were [brutal] force, rudeness and arrogance. The actors statement caused a backlash as social media users and public figures pointed out that Serebryakov, who has been living with his family in Canada since 2012, continues to earn money in Russia. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. This kind of logic is faulty, however, as it closes its parameters to another very real possibilityextinct creatures. Out of his nostrils a smoke goeth, as of a boiling pot and (burning) rushes. These differences are so numerous and significant that they cannot be overlooked. Thebureaucratic machine ostensibly meant tosupport Russian filmmakers forces them tospend more time ticking boxes as opposed topolishing their films. Leviathan attempted to create controversy in politics and in science, radically challenging both contemporary government and philosophy itself; yet, despite its very invocation of controversy, Leviathan sought ultimately to annihilate controversy for good. 2. Upon seeing the petroglyph of the dinosaur, Dr. Hubbard remarked: Taken all in all, the proportions are good. 1. psspsshearkittykitty 1 min. In contemplating taking up his case with God, Job has been concerned with being overcome by terror (cf. Morris, Henry M. (1984), Biblical Basis for Modern Science (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). Andthe fact that today's Russia offers anapposite backdrop forsuch subject matter is certainly no fault ofthe Oscar committee. It is apowerful fable ofstupefying injustice that people everywhere can relate to. Due tothe Ukraine crisis, Russia is inthe news alot more than it used tobe. As John Hartley noted in his excellent commentary on Job: In contrast to mythological thought, Yahweh did not have to defeat Behemoth to gain control over the forces of chaos. This is ugly and dishonest.. Tur-Sinai, N.H. (1967), The Book of Job (Jerusalem: Sivan Press). 2022 The Hollywood Reporter, LLC. 'It's been a wild ride:' Trevor Noah bids farewell to 'The Daily Show', This techworker went public with her story of discrimination. As forsuspicions that theaccolades atthe Golden Globes andCannes are part ofsome anti-Russian crusade, with Zvyagintsev awilling participant well, they're just outright absurd. Such rules, however, fall apart when you try toapply them tofestival juries or film awards. There is also thefact that Zvyagintsev is aperfectionist. Actually, in more than one commentary the reader will find ample time spent answering objections, but little to none laying out concrete evidence supporting the authors particular theory. Thelaw andreligion are merely ways ofgiving this chain arequisite formal sheen. Unfortunately, here in Russia we are familiar with such attacks as we faced them three years ago while releasing Leviathan and later once again in 2017 with Loveless, Rodnyansky told The Hollywood Reporter. In his commentary on Job, Tur-Sinai dismissed behemoth altogether, and suggested instead that the passage of Scripture from Job 40:15 through the end of the chapter is concerned with only one powerful figurethe mythological leviathan (1967, p. 558). Thegripes regarding thefilm's "artificial" dialogue andtheatrical implausibility are, quite frankly, ajoke: Thestory is tightly conceived andlucidly told (no loose threads left hanging, every seam where it should be), while its protagonists speak anabsolutely recognizable language, not atall unlike what you might overhear onthe metro ona daily basis. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that Job parts company with Sumerian, Akkadian, and Egyptian Wisdom precisely herethe book is not a lament on suffering, nor even a complaint to the gods, but a challenge to the one God, whose hallmark is justice and who is being charged with having violated His own standard (1978, p. 571). Older expositors like Thomas Aquinas thought that perhaps behemoth was the elephant, while leviathan was the whale (e.g., Gibson, 1905, p. 220). Leviathan's Jef Whitehead Sentenced To Two Years Probation News June 21, 2012 5:59 PM By Michael Nelson 0 About a year and a half ago -- in January 2011 -- black-metal musician and tattoo artist. [14] The well was drilled by the Homer Ferrington rig. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (published 1985) is a book by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. Zuck, Roy (1978), Job (Chicago, IL: Moody). Annihilated the tortuous serpent, Such attention todetail is still fairly rare forRussian cinema, with lack ofprivate funding probably being thebiggest culprit. Russias invasion of Ukraine has significantly extended the range of foreign policy instruments that the Kremlin deems acceptable for use. Rather Behemoth obeyed him from the first moment of origin. Generally speaking, for example, in Scripture behemoth often refers to ordinary cattle. Psalms 8:8; 50:10; Joel 1:20; 2:22; Habakkuk 2:17). It appears that Hartley and others have rejected the logical rendering of the passage in order to force a comparison between the behemoth and the hippopotamus. Strauss, James D. (1976), The Shattering of Silence (Joplin, MO: College Press). It is clear that the leviathan is represented as too powerful and ferocious for mere man to dare to come to grips with it (Pope, p. 268). Director Andrei Zvyagintsev, whose bleak depiction of his homeland in the Oscar-nominated film Leviathan divided Russia, said on Wednesday the polarisation proved his movie had "touched something . Pope, Marvin H. (1965), Job (Garden City, NY: Doubleday). "They're just not that intoyou" is what I like tosay toRussians who imagine how Western critics staying up all night scouring theInternet Movie Database forfilms that portray Russia as anything other than aparadise. Advertisement. Furthermore, every time behemoth is mentioned outside of Job 40, it refers to real animals (Cansdale, 1996, p. 43). Day, John N. (1998), God and Leviathan in Isaiah 27:1, Bibliotheca Sacra, 155:423-436, October-December. As Pfeiffer has observed: Isaiah was, of course, a strict monotheist. Leviathan, as well as Behemoth, appears with eschatological significance in Enoch 60.7-9, IV Ezra 6.49-52, and Apoc[ryphal] Baruch 24.4 (1992, p. 367). "Leviathan" has been showered with awards, but the Russian film has sparked a controversy in over whether it is undermining Vladimir Putin. (as quoted in Gray, 1961, p. 129). God described the behemoth as a creature that moveth his tail like a cedar (40:17). It so happened that I became familiarized with thediscussion surrounding Andrei Zvyagintsev's Oscar-nominated film ''Leviathan'' before I'd watched thefilm itself. In the book, The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible, there is a reproduction of the Hava Supai dinosaur petroglyph, side-by-side with a representation from the evolutionists texts of the dinosaur known as Edmontosaurus (see Taylor, 1989, p. 39). There is astrange irony inseeing Russian officials set upon Zvyagintsev while loudly denying that amovie about asimilarly embattled individual has nothing todo with reality. Naturally, stories that conform tostereotypes whether they're about drunk Russians or scary Arabs do get more play, andthe same holds true forRussian media stories that reinforce local stereotypes. So did the dinosaurs. In the Middle Ages, some theologians, like Albert Magnus, conceived of behemoth as a symbol of sensuality and sin. But what kind? Speaking to Job, God said, Behold now, behemoth, which I made as well as thee (40:15, emp. Cheyne, T.K. Gods descriptions of behemoth and leviathan are compatible in every way with the descriptions we have of dinosaurs and dinosaur-like, water-living reptiles that roamed the Earth, not millions of years ago as some have suggested, but only a few thousand years ago. Finally, that these creatures are real would seem to be quite conclusive, for Job 40:15 states explicitly that behemoth and Job are equally Gods creatures (Anderson, 1974, pp. Douglas (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press), third edition. I have slain the Crooked Serpent, For centuries, students of the Bible have questioned the identity of behemoth and leviathan. Third, neither description is close to being identical with that of such monsters as depicted in any ancient Near Eastern mythology (see Wharton, 1999, p. 175). Contrariwise, the crocodilelike the hippopotamuswas hunted and captured by Egyptians. and F. Delitzsch (1996), Keil and Delitzsch Commentary on the Old Testament [Electronic Database] (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson). The crocodile is most vulnerable to spears and javelins on his underside; hence, it could not be said of him that his underparts are like sharp potsherds (n.d., p. 7). Natalia Antonova is anAmerican playwright andjournalist. When leviathan raiseth himself up, the mighty are afraid: By reason of consternation they are beside themselves. But theyears will go byand Zvyagintsev will take his rightful place inthe Russian film canon. In 1663, Samuel Bochart published a two-volume work identifying the two animals under consideration as the hippopotamus and the crocodile. Good, Edwin (1990), In Turns of Tempest: A Reading of Job (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). Was Job indicating belief in a creature of mythology? Such attempts to mythologize Scripture represent a blatant attack upon Gods Word. 288-289). To say that the leviathan could not have breathed fire is to say much more than we know about leviathans (or water dragons or sea serpents). No mythical creature called behemoth, nor anything like it, is seen in pagan mythology (despite Marvin Popes attempt to identify the behemoth with the ferocious bullock of El). Facebook; Twitter; email; Print; and Ps., is conceivable, but not an extended description of primordial beasts the reality of which the exalted monotheism of the author of Job had rejected. When you smote Lotan the fleeting serpent, According to surveys from major Russian 'Leviathan' Controversy Is a Storm in a Teacup. They argue that since these creatures cannot be the hippopotamus and the crocodile, then they must be mythological (Driver and Gray, 1964, p. 351). Or, are the two beasts God described in Job 40-41 real flesh-and-blood animals? Thus, they must be some type of extinct creature. (1887), Job and Solomon (New York: Thomas Whittaker). Among them were representations of easily recognizable creatures, including the ibex, the buffaloand the dinosaur. Verrill, A.H. (1954), Strange Prehistoric Animals and Their History (Boston, MA: L.C. ''Leviathan,'' much like thefilms I've just mentioned, is ofvalue toany notional Oscar committee only insofar as it tells anabsolutely universal story ina language comprehensible fromany vantage point ofEuropean Christian civilization. Liberal theologians similarly labor to make Scripture conform to secular sources, claiming that the Israelite religion is a mere Yahwization of pagan religions (i.e., attributing to Yahweh what pagan religions attributed to their gods) [see Brantley, 1993, 13:50]. In fact, even some versions of the Bible identify these creatures in the marginal notes or chapter headings as the hippopotamus and the crocodile. That problem was stated by T.K. As Wayne Jackson commented in regard to the poetry of Job 41:19-21: It must not be assumed that this language implies a mythological creature. It may simply be poetic hyperbole (1983, p. 87). A 'Leviathan' Of A Controversy. Quite fanciful imagery and hyperbole already had been used in earlier poems to describe living animals. As Driver and Gray admitted: There is nothing, unless we should so regard 41:7, that points necessarily or at all striking to the crocodile, and one or two points seem inconsistent with it (1964, p. 353). But this does not prove that mythological creatures are under consideration in Job 40 and 41. This article will show how such an equivalence in fact negates PDF View 1 excerpt, cites background References SHOWING 1-10 OF 32 REFERENCES SORT BY A Return To the Problems of Behemoth* and Leviathan J. V. Wilson Leviathan director: controversy shows film 'touched something' in Russia MOSCOW (Reuters) - Director Andrei Zvyagintsev, whose bleak depiction of his homeland in the Oscar-nominated film. In international discussions on the theory of state, the "Leviathan" functions as a symbol of the strong, autocratic, omnipotent State. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. "Leviathan" has been showered with awards, but the Russian film has sparked a controversy in over whether it is undermining Vladimir Putin. Second, behemoth is not described as horrifying and predatory, as is the ferocious bullock of El in the Ugaritic texts. Thus, they conclude the animals described in these two chapters must be imaginary monsters. Thomas Hobbes: First and foremost Thomas Hobbes wrote the controversial Leviathan to help explain and justify his theories on a psychological level as well as a physiological level. [13] The cost of drilling the exploration well was $92.5 million. There was much controversy over the release of this album, which was originally slated for a summer release in 2007. In summarizing his view on this subject, R. Laird Harris wrote: We may conclude that mythological symbols are used in the Bible for purposes of illustration and communication of truth without in the least adopting the mythology or approving of its ideas (1992, p. 165, emp. God is not interested in imaginary creatures from the dim mythological pasthe is concerned with the actual present, with the vast universe as it is governed by its Maker (Gordis, 1965, p. 119). It is aseries ofstereotypes about Russians intended forexternal consumption (or apainfully accurate portrait oftoday's Russia). I've seen it expressed long before thecurrent uproar over "Leviathan," which is happening inthe context ofanger atWestern sanctions. Atits core, "Leviathan" is astory ofan ever-present monster. Jackson, Wayne (1983), The Book of Job (Abilene, TX: Quality). Back in 2015, Leviathan was heavily criticized in Russia for allegedly presenting life in the country in a negative light. Excluding Job 41, leviathan occurs once in the meaning of a natural sea-monster (Psalm 104:26), and three times in the meaning of a mythological creature (Job 3:8; Isaiah 27:1; Psalm 74:14). Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: Thou brakest the heads of the sea-monsters in the waters. Again, however, after making such definite statements, little evidence is offered, except for making a few comparisons between the animals. However, as Henry Morris observed: It is presumptuous merely to write all this off as mythological and impossible. Kinnier (1975), A Return to the Problems of Behemoth and Leviathan, Vetus Testamentum, 25:1-14, January. He beholdeth everything that is high: He is king over all the sons of pride (Job 41:25,34). His breath kindleth coals, and a flame goeth forth from his mouth (Job 41:18-21). This Leviathan is doubtless the mythical origin of the dragon of seven heads in Rev. added). Elmer Smick noted: Reading primitive meaning into a piece of monotheistic literature where the idiom can be viewed as a result of simple observation or the use of quaint expressions is poor methodology. You might as well claim that theaccolades earned by''Dogville'' were part ofan orchestrated anti-Danish offensive, or that ''4 Months, 3 Weeks and2 Days'' was released worldwide tobesmirch Romania. Cheyne as early as 1887 when he observed that neither Behemoth nor Leviathan corresponds strictly to any known animal (p. 56). Zvyagintsevs most recent picture, Loveless, which has earned an Oscar nomination in the best foreign-language film category, has also faced similar criticism. Director Andrei Zvyagintsev, whose bleak depiction of his homeland in the Oscar-nominated film Leviathan divided Russia, said the polarization proved his movie had "touched something very important." In his journeys, he encountered, among other things, the multi-headed monsters Geryon (whose oxen he ultimately captured) and the Hydra (whom he killed). Then, as additional extrabiblical literature came to light in the middle-to-late nineteenth century (most notably from Mesopotamia), the mythological interpretation was revived and comparative mythology became very popular among biblical scholars. Such a scene hardly depicts the animal of Job 40:15ff. [Serebryakov] is a compassionate man who loves his country and who is pained by its problems, added Zvyagintsev. Have I not annihilated [the] River, the great god? a Christian commonwealth must institute the Leviathan in its place. Many have heard of Hercules, the Greek hero remembered for his strength, courage, and numerous legendary exploits. added). " 'Leviathan' is a filthy libel against the Russian church and the Russian state," Kirill Frolov, an Orthodox activist, wrote on his Facebook page . But . [The KJV rendering who are ready to raise up their mourning misses the reference to leviathan, which is obvious in the original language.] Behemoth and leviathan are so famous that an ocean liner was named after one, while the other has become a synonym for objects of enormous size. Cheyne long ago. Thepeople who slandered him while being unable toproduce lasting works ofart themselves will be reduced toannoying footnotes atbest. Yet as mentioned earlier, the hippopotamus was hunted frequently and captured successfully by the Egyptians (Driver and Gray, 1964, p. 353). Job was a real person (cf. Their point isn't toset him right or test him; impossible tocounteract bytenacity or heroic deeds, they're simply links inan ill-starred chain consisting ofminor corrupted wills. Wilson, J.V. Their basic claim is that the hippopotamus fits many of the characteristics of behemoth, while the crocodile aligns itself very closely with leviathan. In fact, a reproduction of the dinosaur petroglyph graced the front cover of the scientific monograph authored by Dr. Hubbard and published under the auspices of the Oakland, California Museum of Natural History (where Dr. Hubbard served as the honorary curatory of archaeology, and which had sponsored the expedition as a result of funding by the highly respected philanthropist E.L. Doheny; see Hubbard, 1925). Fifth, although the poems in Job 40-41 are longer and are placed into the context of a separate speech, essentially they are the same as the earlier poems which deal with familiar birds and animals that the reader would have been expected to know (Anderson, 1974, p. 289). Gibson, Edgar C.S. Did you encounter any technical issues? By the closing of the nineteenth century, some scholars began to see mythology as the solution to the identification problem of the creatures described in Job 40-41. This is not thedistinguishing feature ofthe Russian political system, but something akin tothe planet Melancholia, ablind force that destroys all life simply because it cannot do otherwise, andalso because everyone is, apriori, guilty ofeverything with thepossible exception ofchildren, but we've thestate totake care ofthem. (1974), Job (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press). Alexei Serebryakov, the star of Golden Globe-winning movie Leviathan, is facing backlash in Russia after making critical remarks on the country and his countrymen. The behemoth is said to be chief [i.e., largest] of the ways of God (40:19). Russian documentary filmmakers who made movies about marginalized members ofsociety, forexample, have regularly been accused ofcatering tofestival juries eager totarnish Russia's image. Surely this would rule out the hippo, since at full size it is but seven feet high (Thompson and Bromling, n.d., p. 5). Hobbes attacks the Church stating They are seeking to destroy the truth. The two are indistinguishable. Descriptions of these creatures are critical in regard to the intent of Gods speeches to Job. Philsophic truth must be religious truth, not the other way around. In the context of Job 38-41, God is in the midst of asking Job a lengthy series of questionsthe entire purpose of which was to show the patriarch that he did not know nearly as much as he thought he did when he charged God foolishly. 5. There are three possible explanations as to the exact identity of the biblical creatures known as behemoth and leviathan: (1) they are unreal, mythological monsters; (2) they are real animals that exist somewhere in the world today; or (3) they are some kind of real, yet extinct creature. So I was wondering if anybody on this sub has any information on the topic and would care to explain what Leviathan actually is and what makes it so untrustworthy. All of these involve complex chemical processes, and it does not seem at all impossible that an animal might be given the ability to breathe out certain gaseous fumes which, upon coming in contact with oxygen, would briefly ignite (1984, p. 359). the sulfur meaning is why LaVey coopted it. They have been so captivated by apparent parallels in ancient literature that they have lost sight of the basic exegetical testthe relevance and appropriateness of the interpretation within the context of the book of Job (Gordis, p. 569). In differentiating between whether the passage is speaking of an imaginary or a literal creature, one must be guided by the thrust of the context, not by what similarities might be found between pagan mythology and the Bible (Smick, 1978, 40[2]:214). The controversy began last summer, . However, there is no credible evidence that zanab was used euphemistically in Hebrew (e.g., as in regard to the genitals), while referring only to analogies in English or other languages (Pope, 1965, p. 324). Furthermore, the description of these creatures does not fit that of any known animal present in the world today, regardless of attempts to equate them with the hippopotamus and the crocodile. Botterweck, Ringgren, and Fabry (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). 9:32-35; 13:20-21). The new legislation signed into law by Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday banning any favorable public depiction of LGBT relationships or identities Russian opposition politician and Kremlin critic Ilya Yashin is currently standing trial in Moscow for spreading "false information" about the Russian Do Russians support the war in Ukraine? Gordis, Robert (1978), The Book of Job (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America). Edgar Gibson wrote: there can be little doubt that behemoth corresponds with the hippopotamus, and there can be no doubt here leviathan means the crocodile (1905, p. 223). ago. Smick has suggested, then, that in the context of chapter 3, Job, in a cursing mood, employs the most vivid, forceful, proverbial language available to call for the obliteration of that day (1978, 40[2]:215). They are surely to be takenas variations on the theme that God is God and Job is not (Wharton, p. 174). Roy B. Zuck (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). In his practical book on Job, Theodore Epp confidently affirmed: The first animal mentioned is the behemoth or the hippopotamus and the leviathan was a large crocodile (1967, p. 175). Lipinski (1995), Liwyatan, Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, ed. Alexei Serebryakov, the star of Golden Globe-winning movie Leviathan, is facing backlash in Russia after making critical remarks on the country and his countrymen. Still others may recall the Greek hero Odysseus (Ulysses in Latin) in Homers work, The Odyssey. There are numerous pictures in which the pharaoh, hunting a hippopotamus from a papyrus boat, is poised to hurl his harpoon into the animals opened mouth, thereby inflicting a fatal blow (1988, p. 524). Eighth, unlike the mythology in the Babylonian and Ugaritic creation epics (where the writers described alleged cosmic events of the distant past), God was concerned in His discussion with Job with the appearance and habits of these creatures in the present. In the book of Job, there no doubt are allusions to mythology (cf. appreciated. Although the Hebrews did not borrow the theology of Canaan, they did borrow its imageryhere the imagery of Baals enemy, Sea/Dragon/Leviathan (1998, 155:436, emp. The overall rating of the Leviathan DLC for Europa Universalis IV on Steam has dropped even further, despite the fact that Paradox Interactive has already released a patch to fix a whole host of bugs in areas such as AI, balance, interface and stability (you can find the list of fixes here ). Surely, if the leviathan of Job 41 were a mythological creature, God would not have excluded such vital characteristics as these. Pope has compared Gods rhetorical question of whether Job could put a rope into leviathans nose or a hook in his jaw (41:2) to the following mythical passage from the Babylonian Creation Epic: Ea (father of Marduk) liquidated or neutralized his foes, he laid hold on Mummu (counselor of Apsu), holding him by the nose-rope (p. 279, emp. 31:26-28). What evidence is there to suggest that the behemoth and leviathan of Job 40-41 are, in fact, real, literal, historical creatures? 'Leviathan' sparks controversy in Russia Link Copied! McClintock, John and James Strong (1968), Cyclopaedia of Biblical Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). The hippopotamus hardly could be describedwith its little 6-8 inch stubby appendageas having a stiff or large tail. In commenting on the name leviathan and its use both within and without Scripture, James Williams stated: The mythological significance of Leviathan is well known. It's anart-house flick unfathomable formere mortals (or acommercially calculated product created forWestern release). Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much [15] But that fact has not prevented commentators from attempting to avoid the obvious. Mitchell, T.C. Page). You might as well claim that certain swear words constantly onthe characters' lips throughout thefilm andnot without good reason represent some kind ofRussophobic slur. Atheists vigorously attack the Genesis account of creation, calling it nothing more than a fictitious story that should be placed alongside (or even behind) myths like the Babylonian creation account. If the creatures in Job 40-41 were, in fact, mythological, Job then could (and likely would!) Yet they are no more frightening standing up than when sitting, because their legs are so short. 17. While it is true that a few similarities do exist between the behemoth and the hippo, and between the leviathan and the crocodile, many of the descriptive details do not seem to fit either creature. The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times. have turned to God and asked, Lord, whats your point? In an interview earlier this. Appearing as the Lothan of seven heads that Baal destroys in the Ugaritic myths, he is likewise the sea-serpent of many heads that Elohim defeated in the beginning (Ps. All Rights Reserved. The biggest reason why "Leviathan" has gained recognition abroad has to do with the fact that at its heart it is a powerful fable of stupefying injustice that people everywhere can relate to. Andrew Pulver. According to surveys from major Russian 'Leviathan' Controversy Reveals Bruised Egos. 'Citizen Koch' Controversy, 'Leviathan' Director and DJ Spooky To Take Center Stage at IFP Conference Are these two animalsas described in Gods last speech to Jobsimply mythological monsters that should be considered in the same light as those beasts conquered by Hercules and Odysseus? The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times. and G.B. Job is overwhelmed by the sheer power and terror of these beings, but even more so by the fact that they exist as signs of Gods overarching power (Wharton, p. 174). Thus, embellishment is to be found in both of Gods speeches. Wharton, James A (1999), Job (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox). Those indignant atthe fact that lead actor Alexei Serebryakov's character is shown necking vodka fromthe bottle need reminding precisely what circumstances he does this in just try andargue it isn't theatrically justified. Andit is precisely these idiosyncrasies (rather than any anti-Russian climate) that have earned Zvyagintsev aGolden Globe andmake him anOscar contender. He thus concluded that the leviathan of Job 41 is identical to the one spoken of in the Ugaritic citations. To earn points in your new country? Thecontext ofBalabanov's work was too specific. Such adventurous stories always are entertaining to read. In another section of this Canaanite myth, the goddess Anat (Baals sister and the most active goddess in Ugaritic mythology) claims to have destroyed the seven-headed dragon along with other assorted monsters. Furthermore, if it can be established that these creatures are real, what are their identities? Subscribe for full access to The Hollywood Reporter. Consider, for example, Isaiah 27:1: In that day Jehovah with his hard and great and strong sword will punish leviathan the swift serpent, and leviathan the crooked serpent; and he will slay the monster that is in the sea. Here, the inspired writer makes reference to leviathan in a prophetic passage depicting the future victory of God over His foes. (as quoted in Pope, p. 276). Others, like Thomas Aquinas, equated behemoth with the elephant, and leviathan with the whale (Gordis, 1978, p. 569)both being natural monsters in the literal sense, but representing diabolical power in a figurative sense. Among the clay tablets found in ancient Ugarit (present-day Ras Shamra), there was one that described with similar words a creature called Lotan: When thou hast smitten Lotan, the fleeing serpent [and] hast put to an end the tortuous serpent, the mighty one with seven heads (as quoted in Pfeiffer, 32:209). 3:8; 26:12), but Job itself is not a mythological book. Ninth, Gods purpose in glorifying His creation would not be served by describing mythological creatures derived from a polytheistic background. The context (which also refers to other real animals such as horses, hawks, and ostriches) becomes critical, especially considering the purpose and intent of Gods questions to Job. The psalmist wrote: Yet God is my King of old, working salvation in the midst of the earth. Corruption here means decay, putrefaction; it entails themutilation ofhuman nature. It is evident that both biblical and scientific evidence support the coexistence of man and dinosaurs at some point in the not-too-distant past. Thus, even though the Bible may make allusions to mythology, neither the book of Job nor any of the Old Testament has the slightest hint of belief in any such mythology (Smick, 1970, p. 229). Biblical metaphors persist here as figures ofabsence: fish rotting fromthe head down, beached, decaying ships. On the contrary, he is portrayed as a herbivorous animal (40:20) that even allows other animals to graze nearby without harm (20), lies peacefully in the shadow of the rushes of the rivers (21-22), and leisurely laps up its waters (26) [see Gordis, 1978, p. 571]. Or press down his tongue with a cord? The bull of heaven is said to have brushed Enkidu with the thick of his tail (as quoted in Pope, p. 272). In 2005, Shapin and Schaffer were awarded the Erasmus Prize for this work. Also, if the animals really are the hippopotamus and the crocodile, one wonders why there is a shift from the Palestinian animals of the previous chapters to Egyptian animals in chapters 40-41? 20 uses (click/touch triangles for details) . 3. Matthew 19:4). leviathan 's argument for the necessity of absolute sovereignty emerged in the politically unstable years after the civil wars, and its publication coincided with that of many republican treatises seeking to justify the regicide (killing of the king) to the rest of europe (john milton's tenure of kings and magistrates is a famous example of these Thefilm also does agood job ofdismantling themyth ofthe macho superhero, which has generated fatigue among critics inrecent years. Gray, J. Epp, Theodore H. (1967), Job, A Man Tried as Gold (Lincoln, NE: Back to the Bible Publications). ''Leviathan'' is acommentary onthe law andchernukha that restores theoriginal Latin meaning tothe word "corruption." Have I not slain Sea, beloved of El? ''Leviathan'' is cold, rational, European filmmaking only inthe sense that Michael Haneke or Bruno Dumont can be labelled rational andunfeeling, andit engages with roughly thesame spectrum ofthemes that preoccupy theCannes elite: humanity andthe irresistible forces ofdestiny, humanity's incurable susceptibility toevil, humanity ina godforsaken world. Toy argued that behemoth and leviathan were water animals associated with the primeval seas Apsu and Tiamat as they appeared to be presented in the emerging Babylonian Epic of Creation (as quoted in Wilson, 1975, 25:2). Canst thou put a rope into his nose? Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces; Thou gavest him to be food to the people inhabiting the wilderness (Psalm 74:12-14, emp. In an interview earlier this. That's thereason why thework ofAlexei Balabanov, whose "Cargo 200" is one ofthe most terrifying movies about Russia ever made, didn't get that much attention abroad outside ofRotterdam. And finally, Pope expressed how the beasts invincibility is one more reason to view these beings as mythological: In the Ugaritic myth of the conflict between Baal and Prince Sea, the terrible messengers of the Sea-god intimidate the entire divine assembly, except Baal, by their fiery appearance (p. 285, emp. We no more are required to believe that behemoths bones were made of metal (40:18) than that God has water-bottles in the sky (38:37) or that a horse swallows the ground (39:24, RSV). To conclude that leviathan and behemoth are mythological creatures based upon the use of hyperbole (and possible mythopoetic language) is a very poor methodology of interpretation. DeYoung, Donald B. Oscar nominee "Leviathan", which won the first Golden Globe for Russia since 1969, has caused some controversy at home. Edgar Gibson wrote: The comparison of the short, stiff, muscular tail, to the strong and elastic cedar branch (which is probably intended) seems really to be perfectly natural, and need cause no difficulty (1905, p. 221, parenthetical comment in orig.). Egyptians even celebrated festivals known as Harpooning the Hippopotamus (Hartley, 1988, p. 524). Hailey, Homer (1994), A Commentary on Job (Louisville, KY: Religious Supply). They allow a person to dream about what it would be like to live in a world with such fantastic beings. According to such mythology, a marine monster named Lotan was capable of altering the entire world order by eclipsing the Sun or Moon with its body (Payne, 1980, 1:472). But, as Marvin Pope observed, no such word has yet been found in Coptic or Egyptian and no known Egyptian designation of the hippopotamus bears any close resemblance to the word Behemoth (1965, p. 268). Rowley, Harold Henry (1980), Job (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans). His adventures came to life as he found himself face to face with the man-eating giant, Polyphemus, and then with the goddess Calypso, who offered him immortality if he would abandon his quest for home. 4. Oscar nominee "Leviathan", which won the first Golden Globe for Russia since 1969, has caused some controversy at home. God also described leviathan as an animal that cannot be availed by swords, spears, or darts (41:26). J. D. Douglas, (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press), third edition. Using the Ugaritic texts as support for his theory, Pope has proposed that behemoth and leviathan of Job 40-41 are the same mythological creatures found in the ancient Jewish writings of Enoch, IV Ezra, and the Apocalypse of Baruch. Actually, the only support for identification of the behemoth as the hippopotamus is the biblical description not of the animal but of its habitat (Good, 1990, p. 358). By Joshua Mitnick November 4, 2015, 12:00 am Edit. 7. Thefolk who sit onthese award committees will, I suspect, entertain thoughts ofPutin approximately once ayear. But since Samuel Bocharts two-volume work Hierozoicon, sive bipertitum opus de animalibus Sacrae Scripturae was published in 1663, most modern critics have labeled the animals in question as the hippopotamus and the crocodile (Wilson, 1975, 25:1). For example, the creature once popularly referred to as Brontosaurus (now known more accurately as Apatosaurus) grew to weigh more than 30 tons, whereas the hippo weighs in at only around 4 tons (Jackson, 1983, p. 86). "Leviathan" is not just agood movie it's awell-made movie, where everything fromediting tosound is treated with exceptional care. Thecalamities that befall themain protagonist are not trials sent fromon high. There's been no getting away from''Leviathan'' recently, not least due toits Golden Globe success; firing up YouTube, you've already got agood inkling ofwhat you're about toencounter. Over the last several centuries, many have attempted to mythologize the inspired Word of God. This would have been similar to modern adults referring to Santa Claus. This comment originally appeared onmeduza.io. Brantley, Garry (1993), Pagan Mythology and the Bible, Reason & Revelation, 13:49-53, July. Hartley has advocated the view that the tail (zanab) is being compared to a cedar tree, rather than to a branch, but that God really was referring to the genitals of the hippopotamus (1988, p. 525). In Job 40 and 41, God describes two amazing creatures that some have compared to the monsters of pagan mythology. Leviathan is peerless and fearless (Strauss, 1976, p. 437). Williams, James G. (1992), The Theophany of Job, Sitting with Job, ed. It's just that conniving Western critics can't stand patriotic Russian cinema! What does Leviathan believe must occur once the false doctrines are dropped from the Christian religion? It has been suggested by some scholars that the word behemoth itself derives from a hypothetical Egyptian compound p-ih-mw (pehemu), meaning the ox of the water (Mitchell, 1996, p. 127). The Lord said: Canst thou draw out leviathan with a fishhook? (2000), Dinosaurs and Creation (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). (1996), Behemoth, New Bible Dictionary, ed. An elephant is twice the size of a hippopotamus, and yet even it was dwarfed by certain extinct creatures. Alexei Serebryakov, star of Andrei Zvyagintsev's Golden Globe-winning film, is facing a backlash in his home country after making the statements. Thompson, Bert and Brad Bromling, (no date), Dinosaurs and the Bible [Research Article Series] (Montgomery, AL: Apologetics Press). 8. I didn't discern anything particularly resembling chernukha inthe film incomparison toYury Bykov's 2014 film ''The Fool," "Leviathan" is positively tactful andcorrect, even sterile, ina European kind ofway. I have slain the beloved of earth-deities. The. 02:21 - Source: CNN Stories worth watching 16. This is her story, Robin Meade signs off after HLN's last broadcast, Bodycam shows SWAT team searching a 77-year-old's home on false 'Find my iPhone' ping, Watch one-year-old's remarkable reaction after being accidentally locked in car, Archaeologists may have solved a Florida beach mystery, This $600,000 half human, half goat statue honors Elon Musk. Jehovah described real creatures in Job 38 and 39. In fact, one of leviathans most impressive characteristicsthe ability to breathe fireis not even mentioned in the Ugaritic texts. ''Leviathan'' itself either theblind, non-negotiable forces ofdestiny andnature, as per theBible, or, following Hobbes, therational machine ofthe state, which serves toelevate its citizens above thenatural condition ofwar ofall against all intrudes onour attention merely inthe form ofa weathered skeleton onthe shore, andif we are infact afforded brief glimpses ofits mighty, glistening, living back, this is inevitably adistress call, anapparent sign ofmisfortune. Mythologizers see numerous similarities between the leviathan of Job 41 and the creatures mentioned in pagan myths. The initial exploration well, Leviathan 1, was drilled to a depth of 5,170 metres (16,960 ft) and the discovery was announced on December 30, 2010. The tail of the hippo is short and small like that of a pig, and is a mere twig in comparison with a cedar tree. Anderson, Francis I. 2. Behemoth and leviathan are so famous that an ocean liner was named after one, while the other has become a synonym for objects of enormous size. Hobbes's philosophical method claimed to provide indisputable conclusions, and its . If he would have to retreat in terror before a literal animal like leviathan, he certainly was unfit to contend in court with Almighty God! The new legislation signed into law by Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday banning any favorable public depiction of LGBT relationships or identities Russian opposition politician and Kremlin critic Ilya Yashin is currently standing trial in Moscow for spreading "false information" about the Russian Do Russians support the war in Ukraine? Director Andrei Zvyagintsev, whose bleak depiction of his homeland in the Oscar-nominated film Leviathan divided Russia, said on Wednesday the polarization proved his movie had "touched something . Pope likens this description to that of the massive tail of the behemoth in 40:17 where God said that he moveth his tail like a cedar.. It's adepressing, hopeless portrait ofRussia! 74.12-14). In the early 1920s, distinguished archaeologist Samuel Hubbard uncovered Indian petroglyphs in the Hava Supai area of the Grand Canyon. 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