pointed out that VN precipitates can lead to a significant decrease in the grain size in a high nitrogen content vanadium micro-alloyed steel [23]. The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmansttten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). . Fe Mo is used as a ladle addition for final chemistry adjustment, in high speed steel production and in steel foundries. Scripta Mater. Mo is a strong carbide former and steels containing Mo can exhibit a secondary hardening peak. As shown in Figure 6a, the coarse GBF and WF were observed in CGHAZ of N1 steel. Without Mo as an alloying metal, the super strength steel used in heavy construction (such as in skyscrapers and bridges) would be more costly; in some instances, the increased weight of alternative materials with equivalent strengths would render construction unmanageable or even impossible. . Heat treatable engineering steels Mo content ranges from 0.25 % to 0.5 %. In austenitic stainless steels between two and seven percent are added, in duplex stainless steels, between three and five percent. Sun J., Lu S. Influence of inter-dendritic segregation on the precipitation behaviour and mechanical properties in a vanadium-containing FeCrNiMo weld metal. Mo increases hardenability and improves fatigue property and wear resistance. Molybdenum can also increase the hardenability, toughness, and tensile strength of steel. If less nickel is added to a chromium steel, about four or five percent, a duplex structure, a mixture of austenite and ferrite, is created as in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Fe Mo contains a minimum of 60 % Mo. It can improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high temperature and low-temperature performance of steel; Also, it can improve the impact toughness, fatigue strength, plasticity and welding properties of steel. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. The morphology characteristic of the precipitate is presented in Figure 14a,b. The size and number density of precipitates differed from steel to steel and also as a function of the difference in Mo content. Case hardened steels Mo content ranges from 0.15 % to 0.5 %. The alloys containing molybdenum showed a great improvement in corrosion resistance, particularly to the pitting and crevice corrosion compared to mild steel alloys which suffered severely from these two types of corrosion. It has many important uses in alloy steels, stainless steels, alloy cast irons and super alloys. J. Because of their good mechanical properties and the ease of fabrication, austenitic stainless steels are much more widely used than ferritic stainless steels. Would you like email updates of new search results? A substantial number of measurements were conducted to determine the average size of the precipitates. However, constituents of these alloys may cause effects directly upon the skin or eyes. The changes in the average size of austenite in the four kinds of steel are presented in Figure 10, which indicates a pronounced tendency of decreasing in the average size of austenite with the increase of Mo content. However, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the steel plate must be subjected to a higher temperature thermal cycle and longer residence at high temperature during high heat input welding [10]. On the determining role of acicular ferrite in V-N microalloyed steel in increasing strength-toughness combination. In order to improve your experience on our website, we use functionally necessary session cookies, but no advertising or social media cookies. We use the Google Analytics service to analyse website use and visitor numbers as part of a continual improvement process. It can also improve the strength and creep resistance at high temperatures. The amount and shape of graphite are not measurably affected by molybdenum additions below 0.5% [ 4, 5 ]. When Mo was not added into the steel, the stretch zone occupied a large area and the impact toughness was low (Figure 7). Therefore, the improvement of the toughness, through the refinement of grains, can be achieved by the addition of Mo. Anodic polarization in the passive domain causes the bi-layered structure of the oxide film to re-grow by oxidation of iron, chromium and molybdenum, without impacting the Cr enrichment and only slightly mitigating the Mo enrichment. Hu J., Du L.X., Zang M., Yin S.J., Wang Y.G., Qi X.Y., Gao X.H., Misra R.D.K. As a matter of fact, extensive efforts have been dedicated to studying the contribution of the precipitates containing Nb, Ti, and V, but little research focuses on the effect of Mo on the precipitates and toughness of the steel. Molybdenum is a refractory metal like tungsten . The width of GBF in CGHAZ of N1, N2, and N3 steel was approximately 18.72, 10.71, and 8.24 m, respectively, which indicated that it decreased with the increase of Mo content. Charleux M., Poole W.J., Militzer M., Deschamps A. Precipitation behavior and its effect on strengthening of an HSLA-Nb/Ti steel. Does chrome molybdenum steel rust? After this, heating to the austenitizing range, 1170 to 1240 deg C (depending on grade) is to be rapid to minimize grain growth. In cattle, molybdenum has also been linked to fertility problems. This is because Mo decreases the creep rate of steel successfully, and also slows the coagulation and coarsening of carbides during high-temperature use. Alloying elements are added to effect changes in the properties of steels. they become brittle if held at a temperature between 250500C and as such their shock resistance becomes poor at these temperatures. As a contrast, with 0.07% Mo, the size of ferrite grain was uniform and further refined (Figure 2d). 2022 May 5;15(9):3318. doi: 10.3390/ma15093318. It is believed that the increase in the number density and decrease in the size of precipitates caused by the addition of Mo can refine the size of grains. The privacy policy of Google Analytics can be found here: You can withdraw your consent at any time on our. Mo when added to austenitic and duplex stainless steels improves resistance to pitting corrosion especially by chlorides and sulphur chemicals and also their weldability. Therefore, in the production, equipment manufacturing, and application of molybdenum-containing austenitic stainless steel, attention should be paid to prevent the formation of intermetallic phases in the steel. Jang J.H., Heo Y.U., Lee C.H., Bhadeshia H.K.D.H., Suh D.W. Interphase precipitation in TiNb and TiNbMo bearing steel. . They are used in applications that are more corrosive, such as chemical processing plants or in marine applications. Its expansion coefficient is small, almost identical to special glass for electronic tubes. The synergistic effect of alloying elements and heat treatment produces various microstructures and properties. Answer: As you most likely know, carbon, and to a lesser extent manganese, have the greatest effect on hardenability in steels. These results revealed that the addition of Mo resulted in a significant increase in the number density and a reduction in the size of precipitates. These results suggested that the addition of Mo can strongly influence the microstructure in CGHAZ, thereby affecting the impact toughness of HAZ. Molybdenum is an important alloying element in Cr-Mo steel as it improve creep properties in steel. The experimental evidence on the effects of Mo on precipitates and toughness of steel should be explored further. Therefore, due to the addition of Mo, the average size of precipitates was reduced significantly, and the number density of precipitates was increased substantially. ); nc.ude.tscn@nuxgnezuil (Z.L. Moreover, molybdenum has a stronger impact on properties when upper bainite is formed during cooling. When the content of Mo was 0.06%, the size of ferrite grain was significantly refined, and a small amount of fine acicular ferrite (AF) was observed (Figure 2c). 2018;34:737744. As the content of Mo increased, the area occupied by the fibrous zone and the tip blunting zone gradually increased, which was accompanied by a gradual increase in impact toughness. It increases the hardenability by lowering the required quench rate during the heat treating process to make a strong and hard steel. It can be inferred that the decrease of interface energy caused by the partial replacement of Nb by Mo can refine the size of precipitates. Heating for austenitizing also need to be performed slowly. When added to low alloy steels, Mo improves high temperature strengths and hardness. Moreover, in the range of 00.07%, a further increase in the number density of the precipitates can be achieved by the further increase in the Mo content. The samples for TEM observation were prepared by the carbon extraction replica technique. Effect of molybdenum additions on the microstructures and corrosion behaviours of 316L stainless steel-based alloys Full Record References (8) Related Research Abstract Alloys were made by alloying 5, 10, 15, 17.5, and 20 wt % Mo with Type 316L stainless steel. Moreover, the size distributions of N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel follow the log-normal form, with average sizes of 16.66, 14.09, 11.48, and 6.87 m, respectively. Because of their strength and toughness, Mo alloy steels are used to make automotive parts, construction equipment, and gas transmission pipes. The morphology of the tip blunting zone in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was shown in Figure 8c,f,i,l, respectively. Overheating is to be avoided, and the precautions regarding surface protection are necessary. This prevents the formation of harmful coarse ferrite grains. They are used in applications that are more corrosive, such as chemical processing plants or in marine applications. Mo containing steels like most of the alloy steels require higher austenitizing temperatures, high tempering temperatures and/or longer tempering times than C steels. The impact test scheme and the testing results obtained from the HAZ in the four kinds of steel are displayed in Table 3. Second holding at 1100 deg C is helpful. by 2027 from US$ 277.9 Bn. It has . ( 19 ). In this case the reheat temperature of steel can have a wide range of 1150 to 1300 deg C, finish rolling temperature can be in the range 850 to 925 deg C, and the coiling temperature can be in the range of 450 to 620 deg C though the best results are obtained when coiling at 565 deg C. Mo containing high speed steel requires a significant amount of hot working to break up segregated as-cast structure. With the addition of Mo, the height of cleavage steps increased (Figure 8e). 2021 May 31;14(11):2981. doi: 10.3390/ma14112981. The other families, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardenable stainless steels each represent less than 1% of the total market. The welding test was carried out with the American Lincoln three-wire submerged arc welding machine (Lincoln Electric, Cleveland, OH, USA). Cao R., Li G., Fang X.Y., Song J., Chen J.H. Therefore, austenitic stainless steel containing molybdenum is generally not resistant to nitric acid corrosion, unless the nitric acid contains F-, Cl-. The four kinds of studied steels containing no Mo (N1), 0.04% Mo (N2), 0.06% Mo (N3), and 0.07% Mo (N4) were smelted in a 100 kg vacuum induction furnace and cast into ingots. Effect of Mg Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of a Heat-Affected Zone in Submerged Arc Welding of an Al-Killed Low Carbon Steel. Sintered Mo-containing 304L steel is less prone to pitting corrosion in environment containing chlorides than 316L with Mo addition. Molybdenum in stainless steel welded . After this double or even triple tempering in the range 510 to 610 deg C is carried out. It has been reported that the carbonitride was believed to hold a BakerNutting orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix [30]. The effect of chlorine containing chlorine in the raw material on the hydrogenation process 1. The effect of strain aging on mechanical properties and the CTOD parameter value has been examined. Molybdenum also joins with carbon and promotes hardenability. If nickel 8%, chromium 18%, molybdenum 2%, and carbon 0.2 to 0.6% are mixed in steel, then it is called stainless steel. Its melting point is 2620, and it has the advantages of strong interatomic bonding, a small expansion coefficient, high electrical conductivity, and good thermal conductivity. This work included identifying the parameters which effect the dimensional stability in liquid phase sintering and how these can be manipulated to achieve dimensional precision. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. Effects of cooling rate and isothermal holding on the precipitation behavior during continuous casting of NbTi bearing HSLA steels. MoO3, usually in the form of briquettes, may also be used for the production of such moly-rich grades as high speed tool steels. Mo (Molybdenum) Increases strength, hardness, hardenability, and toughness, as well as creep resistance and strength at elevated temperatures. These steels develop the dual phase (ferrite and martensite) structure directly at the hot rolling mill. Alloying elements that tend to make the structure ferritic are called ferrite formers. To resist hydrogen attack & sulphide stress cracking, To increase elevated temperature strength. The overall size distribution gradually shifted to the left as Mo was added to the steel, and thus, the ferrite grains exhibited a decreasing tendency in size. Mater. The microstructure of cast ingots, (a) N1, (b) N2, (c) N3, and (d) N4 steel. ; methodology, C.Y. constituents. heat-affected zone; high-strength low-alloy steel; impact toughness; microstructural evolution; molybdenum; precipitates. The average size of austenite grain in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel. Molybdenum is stable at room temperature and will oxidize rapidly when it is higher than 600. . A JEOL JEM-2800 transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, Toyoshima, Japan) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detection system was employed to determine the sizes and chemical compositions of precipitates. The size distribution of precipitates in the four kinds of steel is shown in Figure 12. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. Mo is similar to Cr in its effect on the shape of the TTT (time temperature and transformation) curve but up to 0.5 % appears to be more effective in retarding pearlite and increasing bainite formation. Molybdenum. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Molybdenum containing grades of stainless steels are generally more corrosion resistant than molybdenum-free grades. Maraging steels Mo content ranges from 4.0 % to 5.0 %. In recent years, in order to reduce the construction cost and enhance the welding efficiency, high heat input welding rises in response to the proper time and conditions. Size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of rolled steel sheet. Lee W.B., Hong S.G., Park C.G., Park S.H. According to the statistical results, the average size of austenite grain in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was obtained. In situ observation of austenite grain size in N1 (a), N2 (b), N3 (c), and N4 steel (d). The addition of Mo can suppress the Widmansttten ferrite (WF) formation and promote the transformation of acicular ferrite (AF), leading to the fine transformed products in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Effect of titanium in steel Titanium is a strong deoxidizer in steel. As of the end of 2014, the United States had 2.7 million tons of molybdenum reserves, and 5.4 million tons of identified molybdenum resource. Adding molybdenum in structural steel can improve mechanical properties. Molybdenum can also reduce the risk of pitting in steel as it improves resistance to chloride induced corrosion. Materials Science and Technology: Vol. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. The microstructure, precipitates, and austenite grain in high-strength low-alloy steel were characterized by optical microscope, transmission electron microscope, and laser scanning confocal microscopy to investigate the effect of Mo on the toughness of steel. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, The microstructure of hot rolled steel sheets, (, The microstructure of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in steels, (, The macroscopic morphology of fracture after impact test at the distance of 2 mm from the fusion line at 20 C, (, The micromorphology of the fibrous crack zone (, In situ observation of austenite grain size in N1 (, The precipitates in the four kinds of steel, (. The microstructure of cast ingots, ( a ) N1, ( b ) N2,. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features However, with the increase of molybdenum content, the high-temperature strength of steel is improved, such as durability, creep, and other properties are greatly improved. Adding fluorspar may help in reducing slag foaming. Figure 4 shows the microstructure characteristics of hot rolled steel sheets. Moreover, the size distributions of N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel follow the log-normal form, with average sizes of 169.8, 145.0, 122.8, and 93.0 m, respectively. Mos important alloying properties have given it a significant role in modern industrial technology, which increasingly requires materials that are functional under high stress, expanded temperature ranges, and highly corrosive environments. Fig 2: Adding 8% nickel to a ferritic chromium stainless steel makes an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel, for example Type 304 stainless steel. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. The microstructure of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in steels, (a) N1 steel, (b) N2 steel, (c) N3 steel, and (d) N4 steel. Therefore, how to improve the toughness of HAZ has become an important research topic as the strength, plate thickness, and welding heat input continue to increase. (a) STEM BF image of the typical precipitate, (b) STEM DF image of the typical precipitate, (cg) EDS mapping of the precipitate in the N4 steel with 0.07% Mo addition. Why are Refractory Metals Used in Nuclear Reactions? The Mo bearing scrap must be well segregated, both to recover its alloy content and to avoid contamination with Mo of steels in which its presence is undesirable. Thus, Equation (4) indicated that the finer size and higher volume fraction of precipitates had a more positive pinning effect on the grain, which was consistent with the change trend obtained from the experimental results. Therefore, in the production and application of molybdenum-containing stainless steel, care should be taken to prevent the formation of intermetallic phases in steel. Often used in chromium-nickel austenitic steels, molybdenum protects against pitting corrosion caused by chlorides and sulfur chemicals. Abstract. It also retards softening at elevated temperatures and is therefore used in boiler and pressure vessel steels. The precipitates consisted of Nb, Mo, C, Ti, and N elements. It was sup-posed that molybdenum decreases the activating effect of sulfur species [15] conceivably by decreasing the surface coverage of adsorbed sulfur on a corroding sur-face, i.e. Yan B., Liu Y., Wang Z., Liu C., Si Y., Li H., Yu J. The value of f can be calculated by the following equation [34]: where N is the quantity of particles per area, and S0 is the specific area for estimation. Wan X., Zhou B., Nune K.C., Li Y., Wu K., Li G. In-situ microscopy study of grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel by TiN particle. Molybdenum is mainly used for added corrosion resistance in austenitic and duplex stainless steels. A detailed analysis of the precipitates focusing on the chemical composition, size, and number density has been undertaken to understand the contribution of Mo on the improvement of steel toughness. The size distribution of ferrite grains in the four kinds of cast ingot is shown in Figure 3. Additions of 0.5 % Mo have been made to plain C steels to give increased strength at boiler temperatures of 400 deg C, but Mo is mainly used in combination with other alloying elements. . A total of five samples were prepared for testing the impact toughness in each of the studied steel. This effect is used in heat exchangers and other elevated temperature equipment such as in automotive exhaust systems. The main role of molybdenum in stainless steel is to improve the corrosion resistance of steel and the resistance to pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion. It increases hardenability and elevated temperature strength. Therefore, the addition of molybdenum has a good effect on improving the cracking ability and water-ferrous mass of large section castings, and prevents both brittleness when the welding, cutting or temperature is higher than 275 degrees Celsius. 718-724. 2022 Jun 26;15(13):4503. doi: 10.3390/ma15134503. This fact, plus Mos ability to strengthen ferrite even at elevated temperatures, has led to the development of a series of heat-resisting steels. Han G., Xie Z.J., Xiong L., Shang C.J., Misra R.D.K. Therefore, when the chromium-nickel stainless steel maintains a single austenite structure and no intermetallic precipitation, the addition of molybdenum has little effect on its room temperature mechanical properties. The micromorphology of the fibrous crack zone (a,d,g,j), the stretch zone (b,e,h,k), and the tip blunting zone (c,f,i,l) in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel, respectively. The four kinds of steel sheets were machined into cylindrical samples with a diameter of 7 mm and a height of 3 mm, which were austenitized at 1100 C for 300 s and cooled to room temperature at a cooling rate of 7 C/s by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM, VL2000DX-SVF17SP, Lasertec, Kanagawa, Japan) to in situ record and observe the grain growth of austenite. It is believed that because of the addition of Mo, the precipitates changed from Nb(C, N) to (Nb, Mo)(C, N), which caused the decrease in the lattice parameter of precipitates. According to Equation (4), it can be calculated that the volume fraction of precipitates in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel was 1.375%, 1.433%, 1.593%, and 1.761%, respectively. Cast irons Mo content ranges from 1.0 % to 3.0 %. Evolution of nano-size precipitation and mechanical properties in a high strength-ductility low alloy steel through intercritical treatment. Copper-molybdenum . This is especially important in the case of as-rolled HSLA strips and plates, and for high speed tool steels containing Mo. With the enhancement of the impact toughness in HAZ, the area of fibrous crack zone increased gradually, and the area of the stretch zone was correspondingly reduced. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Molybdenum, often nicknamed as "Moly", has many important metallurgical effects in HSLA and alloy steels: Moly is a potent hardenability agent and, thus, a standard constituent in heat-treatable steels. 10. To discuss the influence of molybdenum on the metallurgy of stainless steels it is useful to look at the metallurgy of stainless steels in general. And the higher the chromium content in stainless steel, the more obvious the effect of molybdenum [ 10 ]. Mo is used extensively because its inclusion (alone or with other alloying metals) results in a more economical way of getting improved properties in steels. Figure 7b shows the fracture surface of the sample with 0.04% Mo addition. Worked on finding routes to process stainless steel, tool steel components out of powdered metals via supersolidus liquid phase sintering. ); nc.ude.tscn@cpoaix (P.X. Contribution of interphase precipitation on yield strength in thermomechanically simulated TiNb and TiNbMo microalloyed steels. When added to Cr steels it greatly diminishes the tendency of steels to decay in service or in heat treatment. The average size of austenite grain in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel. The overall size distribution gradually shifted to the left as Mo was added to the steel, and thus, the precipitates exhibited a decreasing tendency in size. Mo, as the nearest neighbor element in the same period of Nb, has a close atomic number to Nb: 42 and 41, respectively. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (. The micromorphology of fracture was further characterized by SEM. Kojima A., Yoshii K., Hada T., Saeki O., Ichikawa K., Yoshida Y., Shimura Y., Azuma K. Development of high HAZ toughness steel plates for box columns with high heat input welding. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Rev. It improves machinability and resistance to corrosion and it intensifies the effects of other alloying elements. Si improves high temperature oxidation resistance and is therefore intentionally added to heat resisting Cr-Mo (molybdenum) and Cr-Mo-V (vanadium) steels. The samples prepared for LSCM observation were austenitized at 1100 C for 300 s. Typical results reflecting austenite grain size characteristics in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel are shown in Figure 9ad, respectively. Free carbides are only formed at higher molybdenum addition. 8600 Rockville Pike Careers. Fig 1: The ferritic stainless steel on the left has a body centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. A. Hence it is used in boiler and pressure vessel steels, as well as several grades of high speed and other tool steels. 1Hebei Provincial High-Quality Steel Continuous Casting Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; nc.ude.tscn.uts@yxuw (X.W. In hot-work steels and high speed steels, it increases red-hardness properties. High-speed tool steels are classified into: Molybdenum high-speed steels and Tungsten high-speed steels. Australia's Minister for Industry and Science has decided to secure the continuation of anti-dumping measures currently applying to certain wire rope exported from South Africa to the country, Kallanish learns. The microstructure was refined and the toughness was enhanced after the addition of 0.07% Mo in steel. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Shao Y., Liu C., Yan Z., Li H., Liu Y. The precipitates in the four kinds of steel, ( a ) N1, (. The difference between the families is fundamental on an atomic level. High temperature steel Mo content ranges from 0.3 % to 1.2 %. In small quantities in stainless steel, molybdenum increases hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures. This trouble can be overcome by adding about 0.25% molybdenum. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Melting point of Mo is 2610 deg C and boiling point is 5560 deg C. The phase diagram of the iron molybdenum (Fe-Mo) binary system is at Fig 1. To study the effect of Mo on the impact toughness of HAZ in steel, the microstructure characteristics of CGHAZ after single submerged arc welding were studied by OM. As the content of Mo in the steel increased, the area of the fibrous crack zone and tip blunting zone continued to increase, and the fracture surface fluctuated more and more. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help At low addition level it has little effect on castability and chilling tendency. Metall. Molybdenum containing austen-itic steels, such as AISI 316 SSs, are immune to sul-fate-thiosulfate pitting type attack [10]. If the composition of the scrap is reasonably well known it may be more convenient to add MoO3 directly with the furnace charge, leaving an allowance for final ladle trimming with Fe- Mo, as appropriate. Size distribution of the precipitates in the four kinds of steel. Preparation of Tungsten Alloy by Arc Melting. Gmez et al. De-hydroxylation of the inner layer is also promoted upon anodic polarization. Keywords: Mo is normally referred in short as moly. The area of the fibrous crack zone increased significantly, while the area of the stretch zone decreased further. Mo containing grades of stainless steels are generally more corrosion resistant than Mo free grades. When the volume fraction f and diameter d of precipitates was substituted into Equation (3), the size of grain (Dc) in N1, N2, N3, and N4 steel can be calculated as follows: 2759.40 (1.52/Z), 1745.17 (1.52/Z), 1351.21 (1.52/Z), and 922.11 (1.52/Z), respectively. The arrangement of atoms in the ferrite crystal is different from the one in the austenite crystal: In the ferritic stainless steel, the iron and chromium atoms are arranged on the corners of a cube and in the center of that cube. Molybdenum is known to act as carbide stabilizer in cast iron. This fact, plus Mo's ability to strengthen ferrite even at elevated temperatures, has led to the development of a series of heat-resisting steels. Eng. MOLDY is an open source program which can be used to mono atomic or polyatomic in cluster computer. React with carbon, hydrocarbon, or carbon monoxide . Materials (Basel). The microstructure of coarse-grained heat-affected, The microstructure of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in steels, ( a ) N1, The macroscopic morphology of fracture after impact test at the distance of 2, The micromorphology of the fibrous crack zone ( a , d , g, In situ observation of austenite grain size in N1 ( a ), N2. 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