A. 31 J Am Acad Dermatol. In this publication, red reishi refers to Ganoderma lucidum, the variety most commonly cultivated due to its adaptogenic properties. The traditional methods of growing red reishi mushrooms involve inoculating logs with spores and immature or fresh sawdust spawn, incubating those logs for the nine- to 12-month spawn run, and then planting those logs in the grounds of a shaded greenhouse in early spring. Immature in this context means working with the mycelium while it is young and before it has a chance to harden to the conky, woody, leathery texture characteristic of the mature shelf fungus. The CAGR of Reishi Mushroom Market is 8.1%. 13 sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Careers. Oslo University Hospital, Immune support you can trust from Quality of Life, Red Reishi Mushroom Powder (Spore Powder) 7oz (200g) Wall-Broken Pure Ganoderma Lucidum Organic Non-GMO, 100 Servings, All customers get FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. Selection criteria were inclusion of PubMed/Medline indexed articles on antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects with these mushrooms. 55, Moreover, AbM dry feed has been shown to prevent nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a mouse model by preventing oxidative stress. J Med Virol. 21 All Rights Reserved, ALPHAY INTERNATIONAL, INC. (CHINA), BIO BOTANICA, INC. (U.S.), BRISTOL BOTANICALS LIMITED (UK), RON TEEGUARDEN ENTERPRISES, INC. (U.S.), DXN HOLDINGS BHD. Johnson E, Frland DT, Saetre L, Bernardshaw SV, Lyberg T, Hetland G. Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei murill on release of cytokines, chemokines and leukocyte growth factors in human blood ex vivo and in vivo, An extract of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill can protect against allergy. Examples of diseases with beneficial effect of these mushrooms are as follows: Alzheimer's disease, 47 Furthermore, the market for reishi mushroom experiences growth owing to surge in interest of consumers toward plant-based supplements.However, the cosmetics &personal care reishi mushroom segment is expected to grow at a higher CAGR during the forecast period. , Z Natural Foods Organic 7 Mushroom Supplement with Lion's Mane, Cordyceps, Chaga, Red Reishi, Shiitake, Maitake and Turkey Tail Mushrooms, Non-GMO Supplement - Made in USA - 1 lb. 8 62 Typically, yields last one year for every 1 inch in diameter of the host log. 39 Wang G, Zhang X, Maier SE, Zhang L, In MRJ. 21 Hence, the induction of the Th1 response by medicinal mushrooms could be tested as a novel modality for prophylactic and/or therapeutic measures against COVID19 infection, as well as against its hazardous bacterial superinfection. Some people claim that reishi mushrooms can boost the immune system, fight cancer, and relieve symptoms of many. It is standardized for 30% Beta-D-Glucans and contains triterpenes and other naturally . 70, Candida albicans exists as a benign, commensal member of microbiota on mucosal surfaces in most humans, where it triggers numerous innate responses, but overgrowth can give localized mucosal or systemic infection. For this reason, it is in high economic demand. Drill holes 1 inch deep using a 12 mm drill bit. 87 , The other authors declare no commercial or financial conflict of interest. Nondigestible carbohydrates with prebiotic effect, such as glucan polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms, stimulate growth of gut microbes that are favourable to the host's health, and spur on the production of SCFA, which energize anaerobic gut microbes, suppress pathogens (eg Salmonella sp.) On the basis of region, Asia-Pacific was the prominent reishimushroom market region in 2019. Organic reishi mushrooms products are manufactured using all natural and non-GMO raw materials. 9 The Reishi mushroom market is segmented on the basis of form, end use, nature, and region. Epub 2020 Sep 10. Oslo Regarding HSV1 and HSV2 infections the host fails in initiating an effective early innate antiviral response and DC function, which should be targets for prophylactic strategies for preventing infections with these viruses. Furthermore, due to closures of wholesale markets, producers had to solely rely on supermarkets and e-commerce traders to market the mushroom products. 40 Ganoderma along with Spirulina and Cordyceps coffee is the best combination for . and increased IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra), IL7, T regulatory cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and expression of Ig, Killer Ig receptors (KIRs) and HLA genes in MM patients. Then, the mushroom begins forming finger-like antler growth, which takes about 28 days. Greenhouse production requires more upfront costs than outdoor operations, but mushrooms reach maturity more quickly in a greenhouse. Moreover, since the effect of Andosan was not antibiotical but immunomodulatory, this mushroom extract should be as effective against antibioticresistant bacteria as against antibioticsensitive bacteria. 71 44, Johnson et al reported that Andosan had predominantly antiinflammatory effect in vivo, as demonstrated by systemic reduction in proinflammatory cytokines 77. It comes with the additional cost of $2500.00 contact sales. : Reduced IL1ra levels in plasma and increased T regulatory cells indicating antiinflammatory effect, and increased plasmacytoid DC in blood and increased expression of genes in bone marrow aspirate at end of study vs before for KIRs and MHC antigens, the latter being important for antigen presentation. This is supported by AbMs ability to activate the alternative pathway of complement. 79 It reduced proinflammatory cytokines and improved symptoms and quality of life in IBD patients, Also, antiviral effects have been proved for HE: it was effective against intestinal damage of Muscovy duck reovirus in ducklings, in which injured mucosal immunity was restored. 54 Oslo University Hospital (OUH), COVID-19 is associated with several comorbidities; thus, preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting those comorbidities along with the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), seem imperative. 30 The polar high molecular weight fraction of the. KOS Organic Red Reishi Mushroom Protein Powder - Pure Ganoderma Lucidum (10:1 Reishi Extract), 7.58 oz. To harvest reishi, twist or cut at the base of the stem. 10 Besides in the bacterial sepsis models, 69 Scand J Immunol. Antiherpetic activity of an Agaricus brasiliensis polysaccharide, its sulfated derivative and fractions. 9 Reishi mushrooms make up a diverse genus and have a broad geographic range from South America to Asia. Cap shelflike, semicircular; dark red to dark brown, lighter toward the margin; texture hard, shiny, often zoned. Oslo Ganoderma lucidum means "shining skin" in Latin, although the Oregon varieties are not typically as shiny as most other species. 3 Here, we review antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties of AbM, HE and GF mushrooms, which could be used for the battle against COVID19. Cover the greenhouse with 70%75% shade cloth. $35.00. Hence, such mushroom extracts could have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against the pneumonic superinfection and severe lung inflammation that often complicates COVID19 infection. Such a trophical effect per se would normalize and equalize the physiological reaction to the body as such, which would benefit both healthy individuals prophylactically and patients therapeutically in the struggle against pathological agents, for example viral attacks such as from COVID19. On the contrary, consumers are constantly opting for edibles, which add higher value to their healthy lifestyle and regime. The aim of this article was to review possible effects that the much used and related medicinal mushrooms AbM, HE and GF might have against COVID19 infection and its complications. 90, In the current situation with a seemingly noncurable pandemic at hand and where candidate drugs and vaccines just are in the testing stage, one must look at alternative prophylactic and therapeutic principles. Add to cart. and other low molecular weight molecules. 81 There has been an upsurge in demand for functional beverage ingredients that deliver health and therapeutic benefits. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Youll need to remove the sawdust blocks from their bags and plant them in the ground. 26 , The Th1 response is besides its induction of antitumoral and antiallergic activity, also driving an antiviral immune response as discussed. de Jesus Pereira NC, Rgis WC, Costa LE, et al. Owing to the outspread of COVID-19, the reishi mushroom market has been largely impacted due to lack of availability of workers, which in turn affected the production capacity. is interesting because influenza corona viruses can give similar lung problems as COVID19. For better delivery of our new release, Please help us undestand your interest Industry and Frequency that you prefer to get the new releases. 11 44 recognize immediately PAMP such as glucans from the main cell wall in mushrooms and fungi. Immune dysregulation and system pathology in COVID-19. Wang J, Liu YM, Cao W, Yao KW, Liu ZQ, Guo JY. Among various mushroom species, reishi or lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) seem most suitable as anti-COVID agents for the global population. You may switch to Article in classic view. 59 Plant them deeply enough to keep them from floating in pooling water. Hence, the cosmetics & personal care segment is anticipated to garner the highest traction during the forecast period. malaria, Muscovy duck reovirus infection disrupts the composition of intestinal microbiota in muscovy ducklings, Viral exploitation and subversion of the immune system through chemokine mimicry, A review of human diseases caused or exacerbated by aberrant complement activation, Complement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease, The intestinal complement system in inflammatory bowel disease: Shaping intestinal barrier function, The cyanthin diterpenoid and sesterterpene constituents of Hericium erinaceus mycelium ameliorates Alzheimers diseaserelated pathologies in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, Activation f the alternative complement pathway by Agaricus blazei Murill, Intracellular complement the complosome in immune cell regulation, Formation of the functional alternative pathway of complement by human monocytes in vitro as demonstrated by phagocytosis of agarose beads, Mononuclear phagocytes have the potential to synthesize the complete functional complement system. In a rat IBD model, also HE extract and isolated polysaccharide were shown to improve IBDinduced colonic mucosa damage by reducing MPO activity. Sponsored | Based on star rating and number of customer ratings, Reishi Mushroom Capsules for Immune Support, Vitality, Relaxation (200ct) Vegan, Non-GMO Mushroom Capsules for Wellness & Better Sleep, Safe for Pets, Verified Levels of Beta Glucan, Gaia Herbs Immune Mushroom Blend - Immune Support Mushroom Supplement for Year-Round Health* - with Reishi, Cordyceps, Turkey Tail, Shiitake, and Chaga Mushrooms - 40 Vegan Capsules (40-Day Supply), FreshCap, Organic Reishi Mushroom Capsules, 120 Count, 60 Day Supply, Supplement for Healthy Aging, Sleep, and Immunity, Concentrated Extract from Whole Fruiting Body and Spore, Advanced Mushroom Complex - Lion's Mane, Reishi, Cordyceps, Chaga, Turkey Tail, Maitake 10X Mushroom Blend. The ePub format is best viewed in the iBooks reader. The 20 in 1 Mushroom Supplement. The ePub format uses eBook readers, which have several "ease of reading" features The time from the start of the spawn run to complete colonization is about 20 days. 6 Benefits of Reishi Mushroom (Plus Side Effects and Dosage) The key players in the reishi mushroom industry include Alphay International, Inc. (China), Bio Botanica, Inc. (U.S.), Bristol Botanicals Limited (UK), Ron Teeguarden Enterprises, Inc. (U.S.), DXN Holdings Bhd. This may further explain the involvement of complement in pathogenesis of such quite different diseases. , Reishi is an adaptogen that can help the body cope with occasional stress in healthy ways that keep you feeling calm and balanced. Spores magnified are elliptical, with double wall. Another AbM mycelium polysaccharide given orally to mice, reduced ocular, cutaneous and vaginal (HSV2) infections by inhibition of virus attachment, entry and celltocell spreading as shown by plaque reduction assay. Since the mechanism is immunomodulatory and not antibiotical, the mushrooms should be active against multi-drug resistant microbes as well. challenge with the pneumococci. 72 Received 2020 Apr 29; Revised 2020 Jun 4; Accepted 2020 Jul 6. Geir Hetland is a cofounder and shareholder of Immunopharma, Oslo, Norway. No matter the substrate, reishi is slower to form mature mushrooms than cultivars such as shiitake, oyster and lion's mane. 93 However, in addition to an antiinflammatory property, the mushrooms have also been found to induce enhanced Th1 cellular immune response, as demonstrated by increase in IFN, IL2 and IL12 cytokines. Oslo The major countries in each region are mapped according to their revenue contribution to the market. . would seem unwise because of its general host defence regulatory function. Reishi Tinctures. Further, there is an increase in the demand for reishi mushroom owing to rise in health consciousness among consumers, surge in consumer spending, and increase in product awareness & knowledge through advertisements. Skip to main content. Agaricus blazei hot water extract shows anti quorum sensing activity in the nosocomial human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 52 Reynolds JA, Kastello MD, Harrington DG, et al. Climate Pledge Friendly uses sustainability certifications to highlight products that support our commitment to help preserve the natural world. Hetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T, Bernardshaw S, Tryggestad AMA, Grinde B. Therkelsen SP, Hetland G, Lyberg T, Lygren I, Johnson E. Effect of a Medicinal Agaricus blazei MurillBased Mushroom Extract, AndoSan, on Symptoms, Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized SingleBlinded Placebo Controlled Study, Effect of the Medicinal Agaricus blazei MurillBased Mushroom Extract, AndoSanTM, on Symptoms, Fatigue and Quality of Life in Patients with Crohn's Disease in a Randomized SingleBlinded Placebo Controlled Study, Cytokine levels after consumption of a medicinal Agaricus blazei murillbased mushroom extract, AndoSan, in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a randomized singleblinded placebocontrolled study, Immunomodulatory effects of the Agaricus blazei Murillbased mushroom extract AndosanTM in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. , This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The .gov means its official. There are two reports on inhibitory effect of HE extract against Helicobacter pylori in vitro. , These include the grayish-brown G. applanatum, which reaches up to 30 inches wide, 40 inches long and 4 inches thick. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. 35 The Reishi Mushroom Market size is anticipated to reach $5,059.8 million From 2021 to 2027. Shop by category. and allergy and asthma. , Red reishi, Ganoderma lucidum, has been revered for thousands of years in China and used in Asian countries where it is said to improve health and longevity. doi: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2021038285. Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma tsugae and Ganoderma oregonense can be found in the forests of Oregon, standing out in winter due to their corky or woody texture. Another AbM extract given orally to rats with carcinogeninduced lung damage, attenuated the pulmonary inflammation and ensuing gross pulmonary consolidation. Hence, the extract seems to have both a prophylactic and a therapeutic effect against pneumococcal disease. by an antiinflammatory mechanism. bacterial challenge survived during the 7days experiment in contrast to the saline controls that were all dead on day 3. Small Business The Reishi Mushroom Extract market revenue was xx.xx Million USD in 2019, and will reach xx.xx Million USD in 2025, with a CAGR of x.x% during 2020-2025. , 57 Mahmood F, Hetland G, Nentwich I, Mirlashari MR, Ghiasvand R, NissenMeyer LSH. In colonic mucosa, also NFB and TNF expression was decreased and T cells were activated and growth of beneficial gut bacteria was promoted. 58, Immunomodulating glucans constitute the main part of the cell wall in fungi, including AbM, HE and GF mushrooms. 92 , 26 34 32 Reishi Extract Mushroom Supplements - Capsules for Longevity - Non-GMO Reishi Capsules for Improved Sleep and Relaxation. Under COVID-19 outbreak globally, this report provides 360 degrees of analysis from supply chain, import and export control to regional government policy and future influence on the industry. Ellan K, Thayan R, Raman J, Hidari KIPJ, Ismail N. Sabaratnam V. Antiviral activity of culinary and medicinal mushroom extracts against dengue virus serotype 2: an invitro study, An extract of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill administered orally protects against systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. , Effects of AbM on infection, inflammation and tumour have been reviewed previously in SJI, including that of the AbMbased mycelium extract, Andosan, which also contains HE (15%) and GF (3%). injection of the bacteria, respectively, only 13% of the saline gavage controls survived the 10days of experimentation in followup experiments. , Fell the selected tree in the fall or winter, after leaves have browned or fallen off, when sugar and moisture content is higher in the wood. Mycelium extract incl. Additionally, a HE polysaccharide was shown to attenuate colitis in mice by reversing gut dysbiosis from potentially proinflammatory microbes, for example Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus, to potentially antiinflammatory microbes, for example Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium. Molecules. Type III interferons in viral infection and antiviral immunity. Bergen 2020 Aug 25;12(9):2573. doi: 10.3390/nu12092573. 22 The key players operating in the reishi mushroom market include Alphay International, Inc. (China), Bio Botanica, Inc. (U.S.), Bristol Botanicals Limited (UK), Ron Teeguarden Enterprises, Inc. (U.S.), DXN Holdings Bhd. A. strongly inhibit antiviral immunity and may be counterindicated. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of Agaricus blazei Murill is effective in treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis. 91 84 2022 Jul 12;27(14):4457. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144457. COVID-19. 35 ST. LOUIS - St. Louis City and County are back in the COVID-19 "Red" level according to CDC standards. However, since it is regarded as a therapeutic product, the demand for reishi mushroom is anticipated to gain higher traction in the near future. Consumers have become conscious about the food they consume with the knowledge and awareness about the ill effects of synthetic chemicals on their health. Logs should always have a healthy weight to them, which will indicate adequate moisture content. 10 Bacteraemia (A) (no. The powder market holds the maximum market share of the Global Reishi Mushroom market. , 12 97 55 45 All authors have previously been much involved in several of the articles that this review is built upon. You can expect two flushes over the growing season. Continue until each hole is full of sawdust spawn. Furthermore, due to closures of wholesale markets, producers had to solely rely on supermarkets and e-commerce traders to market the mushroom products. Hence, AbM and GF may very well have similar antiviral effect in vivo against polio virus and EV71, respectively, as demonstrated in vitro. 39 27 One-time purchase $35.00 Subscribe & save 15% $29.75. 96 31 Reishi mushrooms have long been touted as the king of mushrooms in Chinese medicine, and they're most often grown in Asia. Reishi mushrooms have a history dating back over 4000 years when it was considered to be a superior herb. and colorectal cancer, Cardozo FT, Larsen IV, Carballo EV, et al. We reported 15years ago that the AbMbased extract, Andosan, when given orally 1day before or at time of intraperitoneal (i.p.) , Medicinal mushrooms have documented effects against different diseases, including infections and inflammatory disorders. 41 FB : Food Ingredient| Pages: 235 | Author(s) : Bhavana T , Roshan D, Single User License, Five User License & Enterprise User License. An AbMbased mushroom extract (Andosan), also containing HE and GF, has been shown to significantly reduce bacteraemia and increase survival in mice with pneumococcal sepsis, and to improve symptoms and quality of life in IBD patients via an antiinflammatory effect. Other properties than just their glucans probably are important triggers of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides. 65 Agaricus blazeiBased Mushroom Extract Supplementation to Birch Allergic Blood Donors: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome, Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. The proinflammatory response in mice is probably due to uptake of glucans from the murine gut as opposed to the antiinflammatory effect in humans where glucan is hardly taken up or to a lower degree, An AbMbased mushroom extract (Andosan), also containing HE and GF, has been shown to significantly reduce bacteraemia and increase survival in mice with pneumococcal sepsis, and to improve symptoms and quality of life in IBD patients via an antiinflammatory effect. The market player positioning segment facilitates benchmarking and provides a clear understanding of the present position of the market players in the reishi mushroom industry. Base the trench dimensions on your production goals and the quantity of available inoculum. and their toxins, which are feared culprits for sepsis development with its lifethreatening complications from organ failure. Nevertheless, this mixed mushroom extract did stimulate TLR2 in monocytic cells. 39 Painful Respiration and pfizer biontech covid vaccine - a minute ago; This mushroom has been shown to not only improve exercise and athletic performance, but also speed up post-workout muscle recovery. The common names used to describe the species come from China (lingzhi) and Japan (reishi). pathogens in a plaque formation test. Therkelsen et al showed that Andosan given orally for 3weeks reduced symptoms and increased quality of life especially of the patients with ulcerative colitis, 38. , where an increased T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response was found in both models in addition to a proinflammatory response (increased IL1, MCP1, TNF) in the latter. Read more about the C.D.C.'s . 49 73 41 A trio of diseases (COVID-19, Influenza, RSV) are rising throughout the United States, including the St. Louis region. Moreover, the antiviral effect of AbM on influenza virus Begin drilling 1 inch from the edge of the log. Molecules. In fact, it was a surprise when it recently was revealed that the glucan content of Andosan was very low, probably due to its source being mycelia and not fruiting body. Reishi mushroom is a type of mushroom that has been used in Chinese medicine for approximately 2000 years. , Hence, the market . 36 Most of those who got sick from the infection, developed lymphopenia and pneumonia and in severe cases also high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. iROS prod. PMC Fruiting blocks can be purchased from local suppliers and mimic natural logs in structure and function. It can blend easily in any food & beverage product. eCollection 2021. Jamal M, Bangash HI, Habiba M, Lei Y, Xie T, Sun J, Wei Z, Hong Z, Shao L, Zhang Q. Virulence. the mushroom mixed product Andosan has also given positive results both in murine models for allergy Immunopharma had no other role than providing Andosan free of charge for the studies referred to. Too much moisture can harbor bacterial growth, but too little moisture wont support spawn. Institute of Clinical Medicine, A. , Amidst numerous traditional medicines, Ganoderma (reishi mushroom) has been used in Asian countries for over two millennia as a traditional medicine for maintaining vivacity and longevity. This will create a staggered diamond pattern that allows the mycelium to spread along the grain of the wood. Hetland G, Eide DM, Tangen JM, Haugen MH, Mirlashari MR, Paulsen JE. Arrives by Wed, Sep 7 Buy Red Reishi Mushroom Powder at Walmart.com In viral infections, Treg and Th17 cells have a complex interaction in which Tregs may inhibit immune activation and subsequent disease progression and maintain immune homeostasis, while Th17 cells will induce immune activation and propagate the inflammation. As mentioned, AbM did improve cerebral inflammation from malaria. With regard to parasitic infections, AbM has been shown to counteract murine visceral leishmaniasis The site is secure. Moreover, since these Basidiomycota also have antiinflammatory properties, they may be suited for treatment of the severe lung inflammation that often follows COVID19 infection. Suggestively, this occurred through interference with early events of viral penetration. For example, a log with a 6-inch diameter will bear fruit for about six years. G proteincoupled receptors for chemotaxins such as IL8 chemokine, leukotriene 4B, the complement activation product C5a and bacteriaderived formyl peptides are associated with inflammation and microbial defence. by epithelial and innate immune cells, Antiinflammation and antioxidant effect of Cordymin, a peptide purified from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, in middle cerebral artery occlusioninduced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. , 5 The Red Reishi Mushroom (AKA: Ganoderma lucidum, Ling Zhi, "Mushroom of Immortality"), is an ancient remedy used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for millennia. Bynature, the market is categorized into organic and conventional. 64, AbM, HE and GF share PAMPs and DAMPs with other highly poisonous and healththreatening fungi and macrofungi. Sokovi M, iri A, Glamolija J, Nikoli M, van Griensven LJ. expressio in M & granulocytes, Attenuation of pulmonary inflammation & gross consolidation, Protection against brain ischaemia injury induced neuronal cell death, Inhibition of iNOS/P3 MAPK Reduced IL1, IL6, TNF, nerve growth properties, TNF, IL6, IL1 Antimalarial activity, Improved damages in colonic mucosa of induced IBD, Attenuation of colitis, reversing of gut dysbiosis, Downregulation of oxidative stress & inflamm.related signalling pathways, Maintaining intestinal barrier, Induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. In fact, bacterial infection, and especially with S.pneumonia, is found in 43% of the admitted elderly COVID patients and in 82% of the dead. government site. This is another crucial factor that largely drives the market for reishi mushroom. FREE Shipping by Amazon. Use wood at least two days after felling, when the tree's natural defense mechanisms will have settled down. Coronavirus disease (COVID19) caused by the novel coronavirus (SARSCoV2) has rapidly spread across the globe affecting 213 countries or territories with greater than six million confirmed cases and about 0.37 million deaths, with World Health Organization categorizing it as a pandemic. 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