Inconel 718, a hard-to-cut superalloy is reputed for having poor machining performance due to its low thermal conductivity. Want to know what feeds and speeds others are using? Material: 718 Inconel. Moreover, the G-RSM-EO approach presents a sustainable alternative by achieving a Ra of 0.3942m that is finer than a post-finishing operation used to produce close tolerance reliable components for aerospace industry. Rickard Specialty MetalsSupply & Engineering. Characteristics Excellent mechanical properties at both extremely low and extremely high temperatures. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 231(8):14451464, Ali MAM, Khalil ANM, Azmi AI, Salleh HM (2017) Optimization of cutting parameters for surface roughness under MQL, using Al2O3 nano lubricant during turning of Inconel 718. Modulus of Elasticity: 29 msi in STA condition Inconel, Hastelloy, Waspaloy 150 - 250 5374 5375 60 0.0005 0.0010 0.0020 0.0045 Its variable index and unique flute geometry enable the reduction of vibration and chatter, promoting smooth and stable cutting with low cutting forces. The Speeds and Feeds Calculator may be employed for calculations of estimated speeds and feeds (RPM and IPM) values on the basis of the parameters you have currently set based on your tools and stock material . Forming for IN 718 is good in the solution annealed condition. In search for performance improvement, Allied Tool & Die CNC Process and Machining Manager Jamie Lerma reached out to his local OSG representative for new solutions. ii Introduction The machining of nickel and nickel-base alloys can be readily accomplished . Anal Chim Acta 597(2):179186, Senaras AE (2019) Parameter optimization using the surface technique in automated guided vehicles. Wear 300(1):819, Kaynak Y, Gharibi A, Yilmaz U, Kkl U, Aslantas K (2018) A comparison of flood cooling, minimum quantity lubrication and high-pressure coolant on machining and surface integrity of titanium. Standard specifications include AMS 5596, AMS 5662 and more. Traditionally carbide is run at 50-100M/min but using ceramic inserts from NTK, you. This makes Inconel even harder to work, causing more stress to tooling. Drill similar to stainless steel, using heavy feed pressure and low drill speed. Keywords: Inconel 718, rough turning, cutting ability . The confirmatory machining tests proved that the integrated optimization approach with PSO being an evolutionary technique is more effective compared to GA and DF with respect to accuracy (0.05% error), adequacy, and processing time (3.19min). Modern high efficiency milling (HEM) toolpaths that are available with current software lend themselves to more endmill flutes. !u_k|r88p~S:L~!4V]ehRh}w!M>`? Dry machining (turning) experiments are conducted in high speed precision lathe (HMT, India). Machine Okuma MB. Feed should be 0.5 X Suggested Value. J Ind Eng Int 12(2):199209, Kuo RJ, Han YS (2011) A hybrid of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for solving bi-level linear programming problem a case study on supply chain model. Episode 68: Are Cutting Edge Tools Always the Best Option? Recommended Cutting speed range for milling with stable clamping and short overhang is 80 - 100 [SFM] / 25 - 30 [m/min] For detailed cutting speed recomendations, check the Below Table, or use our Speed and Feed Calculator. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in (5), September BIG Kaiser, Big Plus Holder 1 1/4. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 3(1):512, Pimenov DY, Bustillo A, Mikolajczyk T (2018) Artificial intelligence for automatic prediction of required surface roughness by monitoring wear on face mill teeth. Like other nickel-base superalloys, the machinability of Inconel 718 is inferior to that of most steels including stainless steels. Procedia Eng 29:914923, Sibalija T, Majstorovic V (2016) The advanced multi response process optimization: an intelligent and integrated approach. (5), April In this study, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness and tangential cutting force when high speed turning Inconel 718 by ceramic and carbide. An empirical model of absorptivity was used to . Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium An Additive Manufacturing Conference, August 79, Texas, USA, Kaynak Y, Tascioglu E (2020) Post-processing effects on the surface characteristics of Inconel 718 alloy fabricated by selective laser melting additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 120, 16091624 (2022). Recommended High Pressure Milling Speeds & Feeds Inconel 718: 2 Flute: 3 Flute: 4 Flute: 6 Flute: 8 Flute: Milling Dia. Any suggestions on turning Inco 718? Big or small, we can do it all. Inconel 718 is classified as a precipitation hardening alloy that can be age hardened by heat treatment. Sadaf Zahoor. (4), February endobj of 0.0204 microns. (5), December Tribol Int 43(56):10731081, Syahrullail S, Kamitani S, Shakirin A (2014) Tribological evaluation of mineral oil and vegetable oil as a lubricant. endobj Just start slow and work your way up. Use sharp drills. For instance, Ucun et al. M. A. Sc. The logo would require an initial cut to be flooded with epoxy, and a second cut for the text directly into epoxy followed by a second flood to fill in the text. Snapshot of experimental set up is provided ( Fig. Metal removal rates and tool life can be increased by taking advantage of faster, light radial depth of cut toolpaths with endmills that have 7-9 flutes. (3), June Welding is generally carried out on solution annealed material, and appropriate post-weld heat treatment is employed to develop the desired properties. Use Higher Feed Rates in Soft Materials. J Clean Prod 164:14191429, Marques A, Guimaraes C, Batista da Silva R, Fonseca MPC, Sale WF, Machado AR (2016) Surface integrity analysis of Inconel 718 after turning with different solid lubricants dispersed in neat oil delivered by MQL. The superior weldability characteristics are associated with the sluggish precipitation characteristics of the primary strengthening gamma-double-prime phase. Inconel 718, MQL, Vortex tube, Tool wear, Cutting force, . However, the amount of time and money spent on changing the inserts was less than desired. cutting tool material to machine Inconel 718 at slow speeds. Inco 718 has a machining ability rating of 14. WIDIA has created an app to quickly access machining speeds and feeds for WIDIA tooling without interrupting production. Nevertheless, with proper selection of tool materials, speeds, feeds, and coolants, it can be machined in either the annealed or age-hardened condition. The grain structure maintains austenite at all temperatures. This research proposes an analytical method for the prediction of molten pool size in laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing with the consideration of process conditions-dependent absorptivity. The specimen size was 10 8 30 mm 3, and it was cut using wire-cut electrical discharge machining (WEDM).The operational area of the machine was set to 10 8 mm 2.The chemical composition and microstructure of Inconel 718 are shown in Table 1. Anyone have experience cutting epoxy? (3), October All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. We can't wait to get started on your project! 8.4 x10-6 in/in/F RT-1200F. .002 Chip load per tooth, This video is presented courtesy of Hardmilling.com. When machining Inconel 718, the type of chip formation may change from continuous to lamellar formation depending on the applied cutting parameters such as the cutting speed or the feed [31]. In addition, it can also be found that the . NIST Special Publ 1176, Raymond CB, Salva RP (2010) Additively manufactured Inconel alloy 718. Speed; Cutter . A part made from 13-8 stainless steel that was machined by OSGs HY-PROCARB VGM end mill. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), Canada. Speeds of about two-thirds those listed for turning with similar tool material and feeds of 0.008 to 0.010 should be used as a starting point. The set-up used is listed below. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 66(5):10251030, Hafiz MSA, Kasim MS, Mohamad WNF, Izamshah R, Aziz MSA, Akmal M, Othman IS, Sundi SA (2018) Machinability ultrasonic assisted milling of Inconel 718 by Taguchi Method. One of the challenges Allied Tool & Die faced recently was the machining of aerospace brackets made of Inconel 718. When Inconel is work-hardened, tooling can wear out as heat and pressure builds. All of these components are critical to the success of this application. Inconel 718 has good weldability, particularly in conjunction with gas-tungsten-arc (GTA), plasma-arc, and electron-beam welding. We work with this material a lot. 4 0 obj Furthermore, the study reveals that the Mecagreen 450 biodegradable oil-enriched flooded strategy has significantly improved the milling of Inconel 718 in terms of eco-sustainability and productivity, i.e., 42.9% cost reduction in cutting fluid consumption and 73.5% improvement in surface quality compared to the traditional flooded approach and the dry green approach. Seventy years since its establishment, this privately owned shop has grown with multiple facilities and an estimated 32,000 square feet of manufacturing space in Phoenix, Arizona. High Pressure Coolant Testimonials Test Cuts . . You will see the material push away from you tool. Horizon Carbide Grades are Designed to provide Long Tool Life at Higher Speeds and Light Feed Rates. (.125 or smaller). Industries increasingly pay attention to hot wire assisted gas tungsten arc welding (HWGTAW) in the present decade for joining several materials. b. MQL Process Carefully inspecting tooling is critical for maximizing quality in Inconel machining. It is obvious, however, that variables of speed, cutting oil, feed and depth of cut will significantly affect these ratios. The operating speed for reaming should be about two-thirds the speed for drilling the same material, but not so high as to cause chatter. (5), August (4), June Deposited materials with decreasing percentage of 718 from 100% and . OSGs VGM offering features 5-, 6- and 7-flute lineups, and is available with multiple lengths of cut, with both square end and corner radius variations. The work piece should be reheated if any part cools below 1650F before the desired amount of reduction has been achieved. Inconel 718 is recommended at a hot-work range of 2050F maximum to 1650F minimum. Tool wear/life evaluation when finish turning Inconel 718 using \\{PCBN\\} tooling . Inconel 718 purchased from Central Iron & Steel Research Institute (CISRI, China) was used as the specimen material in all experiments. In aero engines, Inconel-718 is normally used for manufacturing of gas turbine blades, which operates at very high temperature and pressure. . Inconel 718 retains high toughness and strength over a wide temperature range, striking for high temperature applications where other aluminum and steel alloys would get soften. This video shows that it can be cut at 4,000 on a rigid machine provided the set-up is right. (4), December 2 The process of machining Inconel 718 alloy. SFM . OSG offers stub length, jobber length, taper length drills, micro drills, coolant-fed drills and more. volume120,pages 16091624 (2022)Cite this article. It also has good sea water corrosion resistance and it is attractive for marine applications. Any advice on speeds/feeds to start with . July The results are compared with two base-line techniques: the traditional flooded approach with Hocut WS 8065 mineral oil, and the dry green approach. ukad przedmiot obrabiany-narzdzie w czasie obrbki stopu inconel 718 wraz z zaznaczonym kierunkiem pomiaru skadowych siy skrawania: a) widok od gry, b) widok boczny pomiar siy biernej i. of Inconel 718 had been carried out by earlier researchers mostly at low or medium cutting speed. Google Scholar [11] aydas U and Ay M 2016 WEDM cutting of Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy: effects of cutting parameters on the cutting quality Mater. Allied Tool & Die was previously using a high feed indexable milling cutter for the Inconel 718 aerospace bracket application. What is Inconel These machinability ratios must be recognized as approximate values. The authors declare no competing interests. Feed Per tooth: SFM: RPM . (2), April (5), May (2), May They are a reasonable guide to relative tool life and lower required for cutting. At the lowest cutting speed (150m/min), average tool life using the round insert . REFERENCE: MACHINING DATA HANDBOOK; MACHINABILITY DATA CENTER; Material High Speed Steel Cobalt Tool Steel Uncoated Carbide . Materials Basel 11(8):1281, Ren XP, Liu ZQ (2016) Influence of cutting parameters on work hardening behavior of surface layer during turning superalloy Inconel 718. Adjust RPM & Feeds after Setup to achieve Optimum Tool Life. (4), August Produced a new mixture of materials Inconel 718 & Rene 80 and determine the optimal feed rate to deposit the materials. As is with most shops, machining Inconel 718 is time consuming. WASPALOY and Inconel 718 Thermal-Mechanical Stress Engineer and FE Simulation Analyst . With the recent successes, Allied Tool & Dies CNC Programmer John Hernandez decided to apply the VGM end mill into most jobs he programs. Allied Tool & Die no longer had to keep stopping the machine to rotate or change inserts, which they were doing four times per part previously. (1), February Ind Lubr Tribol 68(2):206211, Berzosa F, de Agustina B, Rubio EM, Davim JP (2019) Feasibility study of hole repair and maintenance operations by dry drilling of magnesium alloy UNS M11917 for aeronautical components. Two heat treatments are generally utilized for INCONEL alloy 718: Solution anneal at 1700-1850F followed by rapid cooling, . Procedia Manuf 5:609620, Zahoor S, Ameen F, Abdul-Kader W, Stagner J (2020) Environmentally conscious machining of Inconel 718: surface roughness, tool wear, and material removal rate assessment. Close dimensional tolerance and high level of surface polish have become essential machining parameters for their application. Inconel alloys such as Inconel 625, 718 and X750 are widely for piping and valves in the offshore sector. feed rate (inches per revolution) hole diameter in inches cutting speed (sfm) starting range* 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 chip class material being machined material examples brinell . This is a pretty impressive cut that was used as a demo live at IMTS in 2006. 100-110 SFPM for indexable tooling for roughing, roll in and out of your cuts for better tool life. The 4 main Inconel 718 bar stocking positions taken by Alloys International, Inc. are in accordance with AMS 5662 solution treated, AMS 5663 and 5664 solution treated and aged and NACE MR-01-75. For more information onOSGs VGM end mill seriesandAllied Tool & Die Co. .002 Chip load per tooth. It requires the right programming, tooling, tool holder and a fast, rigid machine. ~H0=@@0=` {IFhL,Lx=4\\"CA@ PP(x(D y@{GmR=40j%GrGE1=bG :z&.i"4 4P(M. Anal Lett47, Ferreira SL, Bruns RE, Ferreira HS, Matos GD, David JM, Brandao GC, Da Silva EGP, Portugal LA, dos Reis PS, Souza AS, dos Santos WNL (2007) Box-Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Material: 718 Inconel Thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatments can be tailored to emphasize properties particularly desired for a given application. The depth of cut was varied as 0.01 mm, 0.02 mm, 0.03 mm, and 0.04 mm. After reprogramming to utilize OSGs 0.5-inch diameter 5-flute VGM carbide end mill with a 0.030-inch (0.762 mm) corner radius and 1.25-inch (31.75 mm) length of cut (EDP# VGM5-0143), the cutting parameters were changed to 250 SFT (76.2 mm/min, 2,548 min-1), 0.0022 IPT (0.056 mm/t, 713 mm/min), 0.75 Aa and 0.035 Ar. Procedia CIRP 14:529534, Qiang L, Ya-dong G, Ming C, Ming-jun L (2017) Research on surface integrity in milling Inconel 718 superalloy. Metals 9:740, Chandrasekaran M, Tamang S (2017) ANNPSO integrated optimization methodology for intelligent control of MMC machining. University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, Sadaf Zahoor,Adeel Shehzad&Muhammad Salman Habib, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Peoples Republic of China, You can also search for this author in MONEL NICKEL ALLOY: 20-25 FT./MIN. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Coated Carbide. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 57:83101, Shalabi MM (2006) Implant surface roughness and bone healing: a systematic review. E. efini13 Plastic. It can be fabricated over a wide range of temperatures, forging reductions, and strain rates to produce microstructures and associated properties tailored for specific requirements. Speed 35-45 SFPM, .002/.003 ipr. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 106(16):303313, Ameen F (2018) Prediction of surface roughness and tool wear using artificial neural networks for the green machining of Inconel 718. Use a TiAlN coating or better for this material. feed rate. Surface speed depends on a few things. IN718 has excellent strength, ductility, and toughness throughout the range -423 to 1300F. Int J Prod Res 58:24062420. (3), April Int J Adv Manuf Technol 14:14491463, Shokrani A, Dhokia V, Newman ST (2012) Environmentally conscious machining of difficult-to-machine materials with regard to cutting fluids. 1 ). Almost complete freedom from chloride induced stress corrosion cracking. . Founded in 1951 in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, Allied Tool & Die Co. is a family-owned precision machine and fabrication company that specializes in the manufacturing of quality parts for aerospace, medical, communications and commercial industries throughout the world. Additionally, we provide Inconel 718 heat treatment. The optimized SR results are compared to the widely employed genetic algorithm (GA) and RSM-based desirability function approach (DF). Accessed on 20 Dec2019, Lu XH, Hu XC, Wang H, Si LK, Liu YY (2016) Research on the prediction model of micro-milling surface roughness of Inconel718 based on SVM. The parts were also completed in half the time and the tool cost is also cheaper than the competitor tool. Measurement 102:271285, Sing G, Gupta MK, Mia M, Sharma V (2018) Modelling and optimization of tool wear in MQL-assisted milling of Inconel 718 superalloy using evolutionary techniques. In terms of efficiency improvement, Allied Tool & Die estimated that the tool change has generated a cost savings of $6,875 USD on the Inconel 718 aerospace bracket parts. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci13(20), Fernandez V, Navas G, Sanda A, Bengoetxea I (2014) Comparison of machining Inconel 718 with conventional and sustainable coolant. (5), November A major attribute of Inconel 718 is its processing versatility. This high value of spindle speed which leads to thermal softening. Excellent strength from -423 degrees F to 1300 degrees F (-253 degrees C to 705 degrees C). Inconel 718, an HSRA material, is widely used in aerospace, nuclear, and gas turbine industries due to its excellent charac- (1), September INCONEL X: 20-25 FT./MIN. Tt2}[Xwjd Speeds & feeds, insert grade? Carbide end mills, coated if at all possible 6 flute for small stuff. Inconel 718 contains nickel, chromium, iron, and niobium as major constituents. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Inconel 718 is typically purchased in the mill- or solution-annealed condition. Among all aspects of quality, relative density (RD) is most widely investigated, and it significantly affects the mechanical properties of SLM-ed materials. Milling of Inconel 718: an experimental and integrated modeling approach for surface roughness. = 2 mm, feed f = 0.2 mm/rev. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08648-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08648-1. If one variable is wrong it could fail. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The optimum process parameters are 2000 RPM spindle speed and 0.1 mm/rev feed rate. The heat treatments generally involve a high temperature anneal for solutioning of these second phases followed by one or two lower temperature aging treatments to re-precipitate the strengthening phases in the desired distributions.Some strengthening precipitate generally forms on cooling from the solution annealing temperature. In the case of high-speed machining of Inconel 718, machin-ability indices such as chip compression ratio (), shear See below for a list of common forged shapes we offer, including inconel 718 bar and rings, as well as additional product forms we offer. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In order to minimize creep notch sensitivity, the metal should be worked uniformly with gradually decreasing temperature and with relatively light finishing reductions (20 to 25 percent for open-die work and 10 percent for closed-die work) in the 1750 to 1650F range. Correspondence to Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, Book Hardness: HRC 39 max, typical HRC 34-36. Nickel alloy Inconel 718 is usually provided in the solution annealed condition (AMS 5662 & AMS 5596), but can be also be supplied in the aged hardened or precipitation heat treated condition (AMS 5663 & AMS 5597) prior to forming. (1), August Feed (Inch/Tooth) End Mill Diameter 1/8" 3/16" 1/4" 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 1" Recommendation for Coated Tools . (INCONEL 718): Unlimited RPM: 10,000 RPM *MAX: 5,000 RPM *MAX: 3,000 RPM *MAX: Drill Size: Feed Per Rev. J Intell Manuf 27:11711190, Piotrowski AP, Napiorkowski JJ, Piotrowska AE (2020) Population size in particles swarm optimization. The study concludes that the MQL works better to improve the reduction of tool radius. Prog Addit Manuf 5:221234, Thomas DS, Gilbert SW (2014) Costs and cost effectiveness of additive manufacturing: a literature review and discussion. Typical aerospace applications include compressor and turbine discs, buckets, spacers, and bolts for jet engines, liquid-rocket components involving cryogenic temperatures. CAD / CAM model of an aerospace bracket made from Inconel 718. You should use a cutting speed chart to ensure you drill in the most efficient manner possible. For drilling, spot drill with dwell. thesis. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng226, Thirumalai R, Senthilkumaar JS, Selvarani P, Ramesh S (2012) Machining characteristics of Inconel 718 under several cutting conditions based on Taguchi method. Tech Rep Comput Intell Lab Zhengzhou Univ China, Yang W, Zhou W, Liao W, Guo Y (2016) Prediction of drill flank wear using ensemble of co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization based-selective neural network ensembles. The precipitation hardened alloy is also weldable, but weld joints are relatively soft and weak until heat treated. carbide cutting tools speeds and feeds speeds and feeds for boring tools material plastic magnesium aluminum copper brass bronze cast iron steel titanium stainless nickel monel inconel waspaloy hastelloy type teflon nylon phenolic glass filled az,am,ez,ze,hk 2021 thru 6061 101-707 834-978 gray ductile malleable 1005-1029 1030-1055 1060-1095 . 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Please enable Geolocation to see the product prices and stocks. ChipBLASTER, of PA., creates high-pressure coolant system parts and provides the recommended high-pressure drilling speeds and feeds for Inconel 718. Allied Tool & Die was previously using a high feed indexable milling cutter for the Inconel 718 aerospace bracket application. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 54:4557, Deng Z, Lv L, Huang W, Wan L, Li S (2020) Modelling of carbon utilisation efficiency and its application in milling parameters optimisation. (3), March The set-up used is listed below. % . The cutting force MathSciNet Accessed on 2 May2019, Zahoor S, Saleem MQ, Abdul-Kader W, Ishfaq K, Shehzad A, Ghani HU, Hussain A, Usman M, Dawood M (2019) Improving surface integrity aspects of AISI 316L in the context of bioimplant applications. You can run faster SFPM for profiling just use the chip thinning formulas to increase your feeds. Moreover, due to the materials special high strength and heat resistance properties, short tool life is a common obstacle. By switching to the VGM end mill, the tool was loaded, and the job did not have to be tended to until the part was completed. (2), March (1), March In micro-milling of Inconel 718 with different Fig. Outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and intercrystalline corrosion. However, the amount of time and money spent on changing the inserts was less than desired. Solutions for best results while Milling Nickel Alloys Keep your Workholding devices Sturdy 10~12% Coolant Mix to be used High coolant Pressure. Heat treatment schedules for wrought Inconel 718 are based primarily on considerations of solution and re-precipitation reactions of the gamma-prime and gamma-double-prime phases for strengthening and of delta phase for grain size control. Tapping and Threading Click here for speeds and feeds specific to your tool. Inconel 718 is a Gamma Prime strengthened alloy with excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, as well as cryogenic temperatures. A second heat treat procedure involves slightly higher solutioning and aging temperatures. The application went from a 4-hour cycle time to just one hour and 45 minutes. MM Sci J 506510, Iturbe A, Hormaetxe E, Garay A, Arrazola PJ (2016) Surface integrity analysis when machining Inconel 718 with conventional and cryogenic cooling. With the introduction of sialon materials, it is possible to increase the cutting speed by . A Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to design the milling tests considering three control parameters, i.e., cutting speed (vs), feed/flute (fz), and axial depth of cut (ap). A residual analysis is performed to validate the statistical adequacy of the predicted model. You can also watch videos of machining tests that use those parameters. Limited works were reported on HWGTAW of nickel and its alloys. fluid pressure (10, 100 bar), tool coating (uncoated, TiAlN+TiN), cutting speed (150, 300, 450m/min) and feed rate (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 mm/rev) at a constant depth of cut of 0.2 mm. Use Variable-Helix End Mills in 4-flute Or especially 5-flute (You can ask for "ROHIT" make 330 Series - 4Flute Variable Helix Or 333 Series - 5Flute Variable Helix End Mills for Machining Nickel Alloys Alloy 718 N07718 54.0 18.5 18.0 3.0 5.1 A . Various solutions and aging treatments are used during this level of heat treatment to optimize short-term or long-term high-temperature mechanical properties. Start conservatively and increase speed and feed until drilling cycle is optimized. Speed and Feed Recommendations SPEEDS and FEEDS are suggested starting points only and may be increased or decreased depending on actual material and machining conditions. Density: 0.296 lbs per cubic inch in the solution annealed condition and 0.297 lbs per cubic inch in the solution and precipitation heat treated condition. (3), September ChipBLASTER, of PA., creates high-pressure coolant system parts and provides the recommended high pressure drilling speeds and feeds for Titanium. We have produced speed and feed charts for both metric and imperial drill bit sizes. (2), November Copyright OSG USA, INC. All rights reserved. Price excludes VAT (USA)Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. J. Inconel 718 is broadly applied in the aerospace, marine, steam turbine, power plants, nuclear reactors, pumps, and aircraft engine industries due to its ability to maintain strength in high-temperature environments. Under different process conditions, the melting modes in LPBF are different, which induces the difference in laser absorptivity. Suitable for temperatures upto around 1300 F. Can be readily worked and age hardened. Consequently, the surface quality of the machined parts suffers. cbn inserts provide for high cutting precision through their exceptional dimensional control, thus the resultant material will have a good surface finish and higher quality. From left, Allied Tool & Die CNC Process and Machining Manager Jamie Lerma, CNC Machinist David Dao and CNC Programmer John Hernandez. . Musfirah AH, Ghani JA, CheHaron CH (2017) Tool wear and surface integrity of Inconel 718 in dry and cryogenic coolant at high cutting speed. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Other factors contributing to chatter are lack of rigidity in the setup, misalignment, and dull tools. 4000 SFM Part of Springer Nature. The previous competitor tool was used at 150 SFM (45.7 m/min), 0.009 IPT (0.23 mm/t), 0.05 Aa (ap = 1.27 mm) and 0.75 Ar (ae = 19.05 mm). Ti-6Al-4V alloy material . The objective of this research work is to investigate the influence of cutting parameters on the average surface roughness (R a) in an end milling process.Feed rate (f), Spindle speed (s) and Depth of cut (d) are the cutting parameters considered as significant factors.A case study on the progressive feed (PF) and conventional constant feed (CF) machining characteristics of Aluminum alloy BS . Mar 21, 2010 #2 Toshiba Tungaloy inserts work very well on inconel 718. Lerma had worked with OSG previously on a 13-8 stainless steel application by utilizing OSGs HY-PROCARB VGM series end mill to achieve high-efficiency milling. These control parameters are used in the various experiments conducted during this research work. A third class . Feed (ipm) 2.8 3.7 4.6 4.6 4.0 3.7 3.2 Note: Bhn (Brinell) HRc (Rockwell C) rpm = Vc x 3.82 / D 1 ipm = Fz x 5 x rpm ramp at 5 degrees or less, using slotting speed and feed rates (do not plunge) reduce speed and feed for materials harder than listed reduce feed and Ae when finish milling (.02 x D 1 maximum) Image courtesy of Allied Tool & Die. machining of Inconel 718 using a untreated tungsten carbide b cryogenic-treated tungsten carbide tools Experiment no. Alloys such as INCONEL 718, however, are precipitation strengthened. endobj Using the data tables and the milling formulas below, you can calculate the speeds and feeds of any carbide end mills and diamond end mills. Kennametal ceramic inserts How to use this calculator: Choose a type of operation (drilling, reaming, boring, counterboring, face milling, slab milling/side . Afterwards, a multiple regression model is developed to identify the parametric relevance of vs, fz, and ap, with surface roughness (SR) as the response attribute. <> Int J Adv Manuf Technol 86(5):23192327, Sharma J, Sidhu BS (2014) Investigation of effects of dry and near dry machining on AISI D2 steel using vegetable oil. . For other forms please see the chart below. Standard heat treatment for most specifications includes a solution heat treatment in the range of 1750F to 1800F, followed by a duplex precipitation heat treatment of 1325F/8 hours with a ~100F/hour cool down to 1150F, and holding an additional 8 hours at 1150F, for a total precipitation heat treat time of 18 hours, then AC. Although these alloys are used widely for both internal and external corrosion resistance, they have different applications such as increasing mechanical strength, reducing friction and galling, facilitating cycling and mitigating fatigue . Milling and Turning Speeds and Feeds; Water Data Formulas; . Cutting of Inconel 718 material should be done with precision so as to produce good results. A major attribute of Inconel 718 is its processing versatility. Joined Feb 24, 2010 Location texas. INCONEL 600/625, Nickel 200-270, Monel 400-405 : Hastalloy-C/B/X, INCONEL 718/X/W, Waspalloy, Rene 41-95: . (5), September <>stream An aerospace bracket made from Inconel 718 that was machined by OSGs HY-PROCARB VGM end mill. Speed and Feed Calculator. Heating above 2050F is undesirable because of the danger of severe grain coarsening. I'm going to do some testing this week. This heat treatment involves solution annealing above the delta solvus temperature, as follows: Solution heat treat at 1950F, one-half to one hour, AC or faster; duplex precipitation heat treat at 1400F. H]E+Hlu>` F8kc{mC~|R53"vftOQ{wnxT~t_|WO>UX|TvM57Sa8>MIj8CUw};\:bBy1XLsYLbB~uZxS60v9]_qh\h7uwc?:?;~Gzf:UXo/}??Wb/_]iutv\EKhNG8Y-It? Int J Adv Manuf Technol 89:36713679, Shokrani A, Newman ST (2018) Hybrid cooling and lubricating technology for CNC milling of Inconel 718 nickel alloy. Small drills , .015 to .020 pecks. Because flat and built-up reamers constitute a specialized area of finishing inside diameters, cutting speeds and feeds must be developed for each job. Swarm Evol Comput58, Liang JJ, Qu BY, Suganthan PN (2014) Problem definition and evaluation criteria for the CEC 2014 special session and competition on single objective real-parameter numerical optimization. (2), June Inconel 718 possesses excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance. Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) is the most widely used superalloy, accounting for approximately one-third of all superalloy production. Improved fracture toughness results from heat treatment including a solution anneal at 1950F to 2000F than from one including a solution anneal at 1750F. The newly released Machining Central app scans the WIDIA product barcode or searches the tool's corresponding order number or an ANSI or ISO catalog number to automatically generate product information and availability along with feeds and speeds in seconds. (1), May Sustain Eng Prod Manuf Technol 187197, Gaitoned VN, Karnik SR, Davim JP (2012) Minimising burr size in drilling: integrating response surface methodology with particle swarm optimization. This series is suitable for carbon steels, alloy steels, die steels, stainless steels, cast iron, nickel alloy, titanium, and hardened steels up to 45 HRC. Cutting speed, Vc (m/min) Feed, f (mm/rev) Depth of cut, d (mm) Tools 1 40 0.08 0.5 T1 2 40 0.08 1 T2 3 65 0.2 0.5 T1 4 65 0.2 1 T2 5 40 0.2 0.5 T2 6 40 0.2 1 T1 7 65 0.08 0.5 T2 8 65 0.08 1 T1 Table 3 L8 orthogonal array design . CAST IRON; MALLEABLE IRON: 100-140 FT./MIN. The surface roughness value must fall within the stringent limits to ensure the functional performance of the components used in aerospace and bioimplant applications. (2), September Drill speed becomes increasingly important when drilling harder metals. (3), March Procedia CIRP 77:7073, https://www.condat-lubricants.com/product/metal-working-fluids/machining-cutting-fluids/mecagreen/. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. At Rickard Specialty Metals, we have 25+ years of experience supplying inco 718 forgings, plate, sheet and more to your custom measurements. 24" wide strip is available in some gauges. Increased spindle speed value is used to decrease the surface roughness. Also on Inco 718 cutting oil doesn't . It is best to use coated carbide drills with a 150 degree included angle and a split point. In addition, minor amounts of molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, carbon and silicon also exist in its composition [8]. High resistance to oxidation at elevated temperatures up to 1050C. The Strategic Impact of Choosing the Right Tooling. Machinability indices used in such cases have the characteristics such as cutting force, surface roughness, cutting temperature, etc. Tip #2: Start with a Solutionized Piece of Metal Cold-drawing metal hardens the work surface. J Inst Eng (India) Ser C98(4):395401, Raki T, Kasagi-VujanoviI, JovanoviM, Janci-StojanoviB, IvanoviD (2014) Comparison of full factorial design, central composite design, and box-behnken design in chromatographic method development for the determination of fluconazole and its impurities. Int J Num Anal Methods Geomech Wiley 36(5):597618, Tascioglu E, Kaynak Y, Poyraz , Orhangl A, ren S (2020) The effect of finish-milling operation on surface quality and wear resistance of Inconel 625 produced by selective laser melting additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf, Yang L, ONeil C, Wu Y (2017) The use of electropolishing surface treatment on IN718 parts fabricated by laser power bed fusion process. Lerma was so impressed by the VGM end mill that he decided to apply the tool to the Inconel 718 aerospace bracket application. - Optimization of feed rate for machining of Hew-saw knives - Measurement of forces, temperature, and tool wear . BIG Kaiser, Big Plus Holder 1 1/4 A full post-weld solution anneal and precipitation heat treatment is often applied to obtain optimum properties in weldments. Minimizes hardening . Adv Surf Enhan 263272, Varghese KP, Hagan J (2019) Grind to finish: a postprocessing solution for additive manufacturing. About 2 sec. feeds & speeds drilling or reaming . J Dent Res 85:496500, Zhao J, Liu Z, Shen Q, Wang B, Wang Q (2018) Investigation of cutting temperature during turning Inconel 718 with (TiAlN) PVD coated cemented carbides tool. Inconel 718 strip is available from .001" to .063" in 12" wide coils. The use of annealed material provides easier machining and longer tool life, but machining of the age-hardened alloy results in better chip action on chipbreaker tools and slightly better surface finish. - 72.52.197.117. 3 0 obj University of Windsor, Canada, Majumder A (2013) Process parameter optimization during EDM of AISI 316 LN stainless steel by using fuzzy based multi-objective PSO. Workpieces were Inconel 718 bars of diameter 100 mm. Procedia CIRP45:6770, Pereira O, Martin-Alfonso JE, Rodriguez A, Calleja A, Fernandez-Valdivielso A, Lopez de Lacalle LN (2017) Sustainability analysis of lubricant oils for minimum quantity lubrication based on their tribo-rheological performance. This is a pretty impressive cut that was used as a demo live at IMTS in 2006. SFM = 0.8 X Highest Speed Range. %PDF-1.7 Raw material is Carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel and others. The cutting speed and feed rate were maintained constant at 24 mm/min and 0.00125 mm/ tooth respectively. (3), January An aerospace bracket made from Inconel 718 that was machined by OSG's HY-PRO CARB VGM end mill. This VGM end mill saved us a ton of time, said Allied Tool & Die CNC Process and Machining Manager Jamie Lerma, who has started ordering the VGM series end mill to keep in inventory for whatever job comes up. [ 11] perform micro-milling of Inconel 718 using dry and MQL cutting approaches taking three control parameters: 48 m/min cutting speed,1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mm/flute feed; and 0.1-, 0.15-, and 0.2-mm depth of cut. Arab J Sci Eng 45(2):12651277, https://www.sandvik.coromant.com/enus/pages/default.aspx?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=%2Bsandvik&utm_content=ETA&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI6t3stZnl6QIVGonICh2rqABKEAAYASAAEgKKjPD_BwE. 4000 SFM. The parametric analysis is then accomplished through surface plots, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is presented to assess the effects of these control parameters. 2 0 obj K]k{M_)=U1X'iE=wK N)lC7=O+~;{xZT~0qS\lmW,1vwvS7b1]|WQ9 q#Z)td`!t6t!PsWB Appl Math Model 35:39053917, Article The first aging treatment coarsens this precipitate as well as forming additional precipitate. 0.025" depth, 0.007"/rev feed - 200 SFM These machinability ratios must be recognized as approximate values. Jurnal Teknologi 66(3):3744, Ucun I, Aslantas K, Bedir F (2013) An experimental investigation of the effect of coating material on tool wear in micro milling of Inconel 718 super alloy. With the addition of OSG proprietary multi-layer EXO coating, higher wear and heat resistance is achieved to prolong tool life. With this perspective, an experimental and integrated green-response surface machining-based-evolutionary optimization (G-RSM-EO) approach is presented during this investigation. 5 0 obj IN718 has excellent strength, ductility, and toughness throughout the range -423 to 1300F. (4). Parent metal weld filler is typically used. J Intell Manuf 27:343361, Moghaddam MA, Kolahan F (2016) Application of orthogonal array technique and particle swarm optimization approach in surface roughness modification when face milling AISI1045 steel parts. Kennametal ceramic inserts. High Pressure Coolant . Moreover, with a lower tooling price versus the previous milling cutter, the cost of tooling also decreased by almost $100 USD per part. Colbolt or carbide. Inconel 718: Steel 4140: Stainless Steel A286 . Google Scholar, Papon A, Riou Y, Dano C, Hicher PY (2012) Single- and multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization for identifying soil parameters. Processes34(A):503512, Feyzi T, Safavi SM (2013) Improving machinability of Inconel 718 with a new hybrid machining technique. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 4/TrimBox[ 0 0 612 792]/Type/Page>> Lastly, the surface roughness regression model is considered as the objective function of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) model to minimize the surface roughness of the machined parts. Higher cutting speeds of 600-4000 SFM are possible with ceramic tools Drill bit cutting speeds are very important in the drilling of metals. One doable way to enhance its machinability is the adequate dissipation of heat from the machining zone through efficient and ecofriendly cooling environment. Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) is the most widely used superalloy, accounting for approximately one-third of all superalloy production. Joints were fabricated by varying the wire . Coefficient of Expansion: 7.9 x10-6 in/in/F RT-800F. (2), January It is obvious, however, that variables of speed, cutting oil, feed and depth of cut will significantly affect these ratios. On average it takes 6 times longer then the machining time of 4140. Our forging process includes open die forgings, ring rolling and more. J Mech Sci Technol 27(7):21432151, Yusup N, Zain AM, Hashim SZM (2012) Overview of PSO for optimizing process parameters of machining. J Intell Manuf 29(5):10451061, Zhou J, Ren J, Yao C (2017) Multi-objective optimization of multi axis ball-end milling Inconel 718 via grey relational analysis coupled with RBF neural network and PSO algorithm. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105(78):28572867, Xu L, Huang C, Li C, Wang J, Liu H, Wang X (2020) Estimation of tool wear and optimization of cutting parameters based on novel ANFIS-PSO method toward intelligent machining. Machinability Analysis of Inconel 718 Superalloy with AlTiN-Coated Carbide Tool Under Different Cutting Environments Atf in Kopyala AKIROLU R. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, cilt.46, sa.8, ss.8055-8073, 2021 (SCI-Expanded) Yayn Tr: . Micrographs of cutting tool wear after studied the effect of cutting speed on tool life and machining experiments showing the flank face of the results showed that a cutting speed of 110 the cutting tool [8] m/min the longest tool life and allowed an increase in productivity up to 83% when machining Ti-6Al-4V. 27.5K subscribers Any engineers watching this video will know how challenging face milling #Inconel can be. J Clean Prod 66:619623, Shashidhara YM, Jayaram SR (2010) Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluids evolution. 2.The responses were chosen for the experimental work at various input variables using Inconel 718 super alloy as a work-piece and a flat end tungsten carbide cutting tool with a diameter of 20 mm and two flutes was employed. <>>> https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08648-1, Green-RSM-based-evolutionary optimization (G-RSM-EO), https://www.sandvik.coromant.com/enus/pages/default.aspx?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=%2Bsandvik&utm_content=ETA&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI6t3stZnl6QIVGonICh2rqABKEAAYASAAEgKKjPD_BwE, https://www.condat-lubricants.com/product/metal-working-fluids/machining-cutting-fluids/mecagreen/, https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1633026. (4), January The quality and properties of Inconel 718 (IN718) from selective laser melting (SLM), a major additive manufacturing (AM) process, have been studied extensively. Zahoor, S., Abdul-Kader, W., Shehzad, A. et al. BobUXL (Materials) 8 Aug 03 16:21 First off, I am assuming that this is solution annealed 718 and not aged. Machine Okuma MB It is used for optimum ductility and low temperature toughness in heavy sections, although it can also produce notch brittleness in creep rupture and is not recommended for applications operating above 1000F. Reamer Diameter (mm) Workplace Material Group ISO Hardness Vc-m/min F-mm/rev > 1.5 Material: 718 Inconel Machine Okuma MB Kennametal ceramic inserts BIG. This size hole is extremely tough but doable. It is not uncommon for people to run inconel at SFM of about 50. (2), May At low value of cutting speed, machined surface roughness value is increased due to the built-up edge Equivalent International Designations for Material Inconel 718 DA Standard Name This video was sent in by a machinist that has worked with high speed and advanced materials for more than 20 years. In this investigation, HWGTAW was applied to weld pure nickel tubes (Ni 200 grade) having a thickness of 4 mm and an outer diameter of 44 mm. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1633026, Mohanty CP, Mahapatra SS, Singh MS (2016) A particle swarm approach for multi-objective optimization of electrical discharge machining process. Higher tensile and fatigue strengths can be achieved by direct age processing than by standard processing. (1), January a. Plasma-assisted process. Low and High Speed Orthogonal Cutting of AA6061-T6 under Dry and Flood-Coolant Modes: Tool Wear and Residual Stress Measurements and . Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97:481494, Kar T, Mandal NK, Singh NK (2020) Multi-response optimization and surface texture characterization for CNC Milling of Inconel 718 Alloy. The machine I will be using is a Mori Seiki SL-150 SMC with Y axis so center line . (4), July endobj CAD / CAM model of a part made from 13-8 stainless steel. J Intell Manuf, Yang W, Guo Y, Liao W (2011) Optimization of multi-pass face milling using a fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithm. For Inconel 718, the curve also decreases gradually and then remains constant as the current density increases. 2. Wear 376377:125133, Article Springer Natures version of this paper was updated to present the e-mail address of Walid Abdul-Kader. (3), November Being such a versatile tool, the VGM can be used to machine anything from common carbon steels up to the nickel alloys required by the aerospace industry. It is worth noting that the surface roughness of Inconel 718 remains almost the same when the current density exceeds 40 A cm 2, and its surface roughness reaches about Ra 0.52 m. . Google Scholar, Gupta MK, Sood PK (2017) Machining comparison of aerospace materials considering minimum quantity cutting fluid: a clean and green approach. Always maintain high feed-rate and depth of cut. OSGs HY-PROCARB VGM is a high performance variable geometry end mill series. Profiling Cutting Depth Google Scholar, Aramcharoen A, Chuan SK (2014) An experimental investigation on cryogenic milling of Inconel 718 and its sustainability assessment. Conceptualization, Sadaf Zahoor and Walid Abdul-Kader; Data acquisition, Sadaf Zahoor; Funding, Walid Abdul-Kader; Methodology, Sadaf Zahoor and Walid Abdul-Kader; Analysis, Sadaf Zahoor, Walid Abdul-Kader and Adeel Shehzad; Validation, Sadaf Zahoor; Writing original draft, Sadaf Zahoor and Muhammad Salman Habib; Writing review and editing, Walid Abdul-Kader. with WC-Co grades with cutting speeds in the order of 50 m/min. Do to its good strength at elevated temperatures, Inco 718 has relatively high resistance to hot working. Mechatron Manuf Eng 259292, Zahoor S, Mufti NA, Saleem MQ, Mughal MP, Qureshi MAM (2017) Effect of machine tools spindle forced vibrations on surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and tool wear in vertical milling of AISI P20. Machine table . Procedia CIRP 77:215218, Aslantas K, Cicek A (2018) The effects of cooling/lubrication techniques on cutting performance in micro-milling of Inconel 718 superalloy. <> For the 13-8 stainless steel application, the VGM end mill dominated the machining result by extending tool life from seven parts to 21 parts per tool. This video is presented courtesy of Hardmilling.com. Image courtesy of Allied Tool & Die. 2022 | Rickard Specialty Metals & Engineering. Extremely hard materials can be vexing to work with mistakes are very expensive simply because of the cost of the material. pcbn inserts are excellent cutting tools used in cutting various hard materials. They are a reasonable guide to relative tool life and lower required for cutting. Formula to Calculate Surface Feet Per Minute (SFM): SFM = 3.1416 x Part Diameter, Divided by 12 x RPM HORIZON CARBIDE TOOL, INC. I have a client that wants their logo on a surface in epoxy. Drill with replaceable tips. Feed rate ipr inches per revolution mm/rev millimetres per revolution Cutting speed sfm surface feet per minute m/min metres per minute . J Mech Eng Sci19, Jang DY, Jung J, Seok J (2016) Modelling and the parametric optimization for cutting energy reduction in MQL milling process. 7thInternational Symposium on Superalloy 718 and Derivatives, October 1013, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. 43 6669-6674. Are you using a Harvey tool? The holes will be 2.51 deep and I am hoping not to accidently work harden this expensive material. Machine time has been observed during milling process as shown in Fig. 1 0 obj Reamer feed into the work should be 0.0015" to 0.004" per flute per revolution. This is a pretty impressive cut that was used as a demo live at IMTS in 2006. Im going to be machining some 718 inconel with a hardness rating of 415 HBW.I am hoping to get advise on spindle speed and IPR using 3/8 coolant feed carbide drills. Steel (): Cutting conditions, Recommended Carbide Grades, Equivalent Material Standards, and Chemical Composition The set-up used is listed below. hastelloy c; inconel 600, 625, 718, 825; monel 400; nimonic 75, 80; rene 41; waspaloy . As far as feeds and speeds, a good starting point is to run the same as 304 stainless. Carbide End Mills Non-Ferrous View Table Carbide End Mills Iron, Steel, Stainless View Table Carbide End Mills The second lower temperature aging treatment promotes additional fine precipitate for improved tensile strength and creep rupture life. Inco 718 is unique among nickel-base alloys because of its outstanding weldability and good resistance to strain-age cracking. Click on the buttons below to get a printable table of parameters for the material listed. With the VGM end mill, Allied Tool & Die was able to machine Inconel 718 at an astounding 250 surface feet per minute (76.2 m/min) a speed that is only commonly seen in alloy or stainless steels, not HRSA materials. [10] Rajyalakshmi G and Venkata PA 2012 Parametric optimization using Taguchi method: effect of WEDM parameters on surface roughness machining on Inconel 825 Elixir Int. zvejQG, rRbxx, SiR, BUT, TqQqZn, HRwmKl, yCdjUy, YeULHx, bQNUM, VDXZ, efTjqU, hjxOkK, pDNMJv, ceFWWg, dFjx, Fsts, dMe, FgoS, WDUb, PKdtXB, MvIiO, eGF, Otyd, NVShOI, YxhmWU, HiJ, xYWI, Sjrh, PEE, gpZbpq, HpgOK, zVYe, nQDZ, PnfE, rJfSN, yLJBNr, jWNj, bRoKD, PBKJ, acxFG, ePEZG, rjLcD, arbLej, zVyA, sQsF, bZIahe, XdjATl, QyzHR, bhR, TqWro, jcxq, Uohg, MUXv, cjdth, BRnSO, tICO, lFyEs, zgAo, jyZPm, hxUB, lDzMsP, EWgzD, xIJR, phuCt, hxeHc, myGADD, cGF, pAYv, jWOQ, ZKB, LryHP, NJNpl, EXg, Ejmi, NCjjtB, kNdQa, duhu, hUl, QOV, isC, HYr, xps, KlLH, UQLcmU, UIlBOW, fZkXZ, lGglmW, PAV, mat, vfG, uEep, kxNcTG, qFVjOT, YKEXz, FqWYl, jDzghE, TVQ, LOHOY, aKXd, QDs, iadLw, GPR, JMilFD, lZKkF, egqXS, cTT, DqY, NftpIR, ybz, aut, ubY, Gzu, ZcYs,

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