They lived there thousands of years ago, when adventuroustraders and settlers arrived from Phoenicia, a land at the eastern endof the Mediterranean Sea. For example: Kurds and Palestinians. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Similar methods were employed by their French contemporaries as they extended their conquests into the langue doc region of southern Europe. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. Together, the people in an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. When real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their homes at low prices, preying on fears of the integration of black families and declining property values. a large territory, urban and rural, dominated by or closely associated with a single ethnic group. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. The nextlevel may be a somewhat broader idea of identity, perhaps a sense ofbeing from a particular district. State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. The word ethnicity is derived from the Greek word ethnikos, referring to a heathen. People belonging to the same race are said to possess inherited physical and behavioral differences (though genetic studies have shown that there is no scientific basis for dividing people into races). By the early 1960s, the success of independencemovements in the various colonies had caused most Europeans to leave. When France and Great Britain explored and colonized westernAfrica, their missionaries, administrators, and social scientists looked forfixed ethnic categories. Often it involvesstereotypes about other people's origins, behavior, and character. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity by European powers, which eliminated or overrode most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Definition of ethnic province in geography? This system burdened poor Blacks in the South after the Civil War with high interest rates and heavy debts. Residents of these areas tend to enjoy some measure of political autonomy or self- rule. This is due in part to differing contexts. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. For instance, the Irish ethnicity is built around Celtic heritage, including their ancestral language, Gaelic, their folk traditions, and their shared Catholic religion. Edited by Derek Gregory, Ron Johnston, Geraldine Pratt, Michael Watts, and Sarah Whatmore, 214217. Example: Caucasian. Hiebert provides a thorough and concise explanation and succinct history of ethnicity, and he outlines the major themes of study within contemporary geography. Over the centuries,many of them also adopted the Arabic language and marriedArabs. Some of the ethnic groups in Europe are as follows:Indo-EuropeanTurkicFinno-UgricCaucasianBasqueSemiticMongolic In 19th-century Europe, these doctrines influenced various movements for the liberation of ethnic minorities from the old European empires and led to some partially successful attempts to establish nation-states along ethnic lines, as in the case of Poland and Italy. For example, if an American is of European ancestry, they might identify their ethnicity by specific European countries (i.e., Poland). pertaining to or characteristic of a people, especially a group (ethnic group ) sharing a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like. Among other things, you probably speak the same language, celebrate the same traditions, and share a common history with others in the group. A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments, giving local regions more autonomy. Includes use of national symbols, flags, songs, emphasizing a shared culture, attitudes, and emotions. Historically it is the legacy of conquests that brought diverse peoples under the rule of a dominant group; of rulers who in their own interests imported peoples for their labour or their technical and business skills; of industrialization, which intensified the age-old pattern of migration for economic reasons; or of political and religious persecutions that drove people from their native lands. The country'slargest non-Arab population group is probably the Dinka, who livealong the southern Nile. Notable examples of ethnic conflicts from the late 20th and early 21st centuries include those in the Balkans, Rwanda, Iraq, Indonesia, India, and the Darfur region of Sudan, as well as in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Meanwhile, merchants, traders, andlaborers filled the cities. Many of the towns of central Africa began as settlements created bycolonial authorities to meet the needs of government and industry. The dominant racial, ethnic or religious group around which a state is organized. A group of people who share a common race, religion, language, or other characteristic. People who belong to a particular ethnic group share certain traits that help them identify who belongs to their group and who does not. Rather, theybelonged to chains or networks of societies with many shifting connections. No Africans were invited. Even where more democratic governments exist, supportfor political parties tends to follow ethnic or regional lines. Some ofthe largest ethnic groups cross national and regional boundaries, butthey share similar cultural features, languages, or religious practices thatallow them to think of themselves as connected. In many countries, small ethnic groups havemerged into larger regional bodies that compete for political power atthe national level. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or Incountries such as BENIN and IVORY COAST, governments continue todivide and rule their citizens by reinforcing the separations betweenethnic groups. Typically these communities survive because land is inherited and sold within the ethnic group. Through considerably less brutal methods, the governments of Thailand and Indonesia have legally induced (given strong incentives to) Chinese ethnic groups to adopt the dominant culture. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of monuments, cemeteries, and houses of worship. This way of regarding ethnic groups suited the French and Britishstrategy of divide and rule. They found it easier to control people whothought of themselves as many separate populations with separateinterests. In each of these texts, a thorough history and evolution of ethnicity is described in the introduction. In another country, that same person's ethnicity might be described as Mexican, referring to their culture and heritage. Refers to a group of people who share a common identity. Write an essay of at least two to three paragraphs that describes the meaning of ethnicity and explains why it can be hard to define. They haveattracted migrants of many ethnic backgrounds who speak a variety oflanguages. Ethnic Identity Development & Examples | What is Ethnic Identity? Example: Ethnicity can be defined in both broad and specific terms. Former policy in South Africa of physical separating different races into geographic areas. This is Sollors, Werner. As a people, they have been oppressed and victimized by other groups in the region for a very long time. The colonialpowers remolded ethnicity into a hierarchical structure of separategeographical units, each governed by a traditional ruler who served as acolonial official. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The closest, innermost layer comes from local identity,based on a person's clan or village or other place of origin. In Uganda, for instance, the Ganda ethnic group was favored by theBritish and acquired more power and status than other groups. An area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background ethnic substrate regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland A group identified on the basis of religion, color or national origin A group who share a common identity. As one of the largest ethnic groups, these individuals share the Arabic languages, are largely Muslim, and practice many of the same traditions. Finally, there are some ethnicities that are built around a shared history, ancestry, and relationship with those around them. In some cases, ethnic categories can be broad and closely tied to race, while in others they can be specific and built around a particular history. Inuits control the government and Inuktitut is taught in schools. Loyalty or devotion to a nation. A nationality that is not represented by a state. From the postcolonial notion of Orientalism and Otherness to post-structural theories such as performativity, contemporary geographers are continually challenging the idea of ethnicity; indeed, they are continually reshaping and deconstructing the meaning and use of the word while simultaneously enriching the traditional themes that constitute the discipline, such as landscape study, nationalism and the nation-state, urbanism, commercialism, and migration. This name once referred to only one of themany ethnic groups in northeastern Zambia. A nationalist movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a "lost" or "unredeemed" area based on national, ethnic, or historical basis. The many ethnic conflicts that occur today in westernAfrica do not represent a return of ancient hostilities in the absenceof colonialism. A classic and an influential text, Keywords is a compilation of words in English in which Williams traces, primarily through literature, their evolving meaning. Ethnic Provinces. Ethnic is one such word, along with race, that has a complex and controversial meaning. But although Tanzania's ethnic divisions are not as deepas those of Uganda and Kenya, economic tensions tend to highlightsmall differences. These communities were used in many states to segregate religious and ethnic minorities. Others still feel that ethnicity is anexpression of earlier racist policies and only serves the interests of theruling classwhether black or white. Tothem, ethnicity was created entirely by the racist state to support itsaimsproperty and profit for white people based on the cheap laborand obedience of black people. They produced maps showing separate ethnic groups with clearboundaries between them. The new decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area. Trade, war, and politics brought ethnic groups into contact and evensome forms of unity. By Raymond Williams, 119120. The trend toward mega-ethnic groups appears to becontinuing. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that describes the characteristics of an ethnicity of your choice. In the case of the Romani, theirs is an ethnicity that is built around shared cultural traditions, language, and their history of persecution. Ethnicitya person's ethnic identityis not the same thing as race,religion, or language. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. SS( A ) is 10%, SS( B ) is 10%, and SS( AB ) is 50% of SS(Total). When the stock market crashes, what influence does it have on investment, consumption, and aggregate demand? Christian missionaries reinforced this colonial concept as they choselocal languages for education and Bible translation and created a structurefor the churches' own administrative units. Ethnicity. In Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. For example, when theNupe kingdom emerged along the banks of the Niger River after about1500, the ethnic group and the state were identical. Peoplewho speak Arabic consider themselves Arabs. Ethnic Conflict | Causes, Tensions & Examples, Ethnic Groups in India: Language & Religion | Major Ethnic Groups in India, Ethnicity in the Philippines | Overview, Groups & Classification, Economic Systems: Formal & Substantive Approaches. The complete blending of an ethnic group with the host culture, resulting in the loss of many distinctive ethnic traits. Together, the peoplein an ethnic group shape their ethnic identitythe sense of belongingto the group and sharing in its culture. Ethnic groups synonyms, Ethnic groups pronunciation, Ethnic groups translation, English dictionary definition of Ethnic groups. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. They pepper large areas of rural North America. Today Nubians, a non-Arab Muslim group in southernEgypt and northern Sudan, speak several languages including Arabic. This refers to the part of the trade system where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies. Learn how to define an ethnic group, review how to identify ethnicity, and explore different examples of ethnic groups, such as the Arabs, Irish, Scottish, Kurds, and Romani. The previous example illustrates how difficult it is to define or identify a person's ethnicity, which is why many demographers and government institutions use broad categories. The belief that race is a primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Berber culture faced its most serious challenge beginning in the mid-600s, when Arabs from the Arabian peninsula invaded North Africa in aseries of waves. In order to be flexible with documenting ethnicity, many people accept self-identification of ethnicity, going by what ethnicity a person most identifies with. Impact of Ethnic & Racial Conflicts on Africa's Democracy. The colonialauthorities imposed strict definitions on western Africa's complexand changeable social structures. Thetowns have been laboratories of multiethnic social life. Ethnic labels allow complex social, economic, and political issues to bereduced to a simple case of us against them. In such situations, ethnicidentity can harden, and people may be willing to suffer or inflict violenceon behalf of their ethnic group. Small dots in the rural countryside, usually occupying an area smaller than a county and serving as home to several hundred to several thousand people. For many years, ethnic identity in southern Africa was shaped byAPARTHEID, the policy of racial segregation that the white government ofSOUTH AFRICA adopted to maintain control over the indigenous population. Today many North Africans are of mixed Arab and Berber descent,and some are also related to black Africans from the south. Ethnicity Overview & Characteristics | What is an Ethnic Group? Whether imposed from outside or claimed asone's own, ethnicity divides people into categories. The majority of people are either BERBERS or ARABS, two groups thathave grown more similar over the centuries. Ethnocentrism. Assimilation, or cultural assimilation, is the process by which different cultural groups become more and more alike. Kenya'sborders with Tanzania, ETHIOPIA, Sudan, and SOMALIA also disregardedethnic relationships. An ethnic conflict can result in great violence, including civil war and even genocide (the deliberate killing of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race). An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group. Ex: United Kingdom, A nation that transcends the borders of two or more states Ex: Kurds (Kurdistan), The Koreas. But it is also always changing and adapting to new circumstances. Geographic Methods: Life Writing Analysis, Geographic Vulnerability to Climate Change, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI), GIS and Remote Sensing Applications in Geomorphology, Marine Conservation and Fisheries Management, Music, Sound, and Auditory Culture, Geographies of, Photographic and Video Methods in Geography. Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture. In the US, the term is commonly used to describe an impoverished, urban, black enclave neighborhood. Ethnicity. In periods of extreme drought, the nomadic Tuareg of the westAfrican Sahara withdrew to the cities and took up trades and businesses. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. Forced assimilation was imposed in early modern times by the English conquerors, themselves an amalgam of Saxon and Norman elements, when they suppressed the native language and religion in the Celtic lands of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. This stage of the triangular trade is where millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Corrections? A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other. Captives from different nations were mixed together, so it was more difficult for them to talk and plan rebellions. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. While Williams 1985 emphasizes the changing nature of ethnicitys meaning contextually over time, Hiebert 2009 outlines the important transitions and controversies that surround the study of ethnicity within geography. By the mid-20th century, ethnicity was used as a way to describe group identity based on a sharing of beliefs, norms, traditions, and practices. Ethnic conflict is one of the major threats to international peace and security. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It left a lasting mark onAfrica and changed relations between ethnic groups. Ethnicity is one of the longest lasting and most powerful types of group identities. Arabs outnumber Berbers in the region as a whole and within eachcountry. The link was not copied. Kenya is a striking example of the problems caused by colonial policiesto identify ethnic groups and establish territorial boundaries. 3 \times 3 Most have been more concerned with local autonomy than with national identity. This 1896 landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal," making the Jim Crow Laws of the south legal. When a farmer works fields rented from a landowner and pays rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. As states rose to power and expanded their territory,they created new forms of ethnic identity. Study this lesson on ethnic groups, then use what you've learned to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The Arabs not only brought the new religion of Islambut also many aspects of their culture. the distribution of ethnic groups across space, on economic, political and social outcomes, are not well understood. Africa's tapestry of hundreds of ethnic groups is woven of manystrands. Berbers live in a few oases in western EGYPT and LIBYA but aremore numerous in ALGERIA and MOROCCO. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Despite being a common word or concept, ethnicity is a fairly vague construct and is generally difficult to describe. The ethnic conflicts that have plaguedwestern Africa since that time are partly the result of colonialism. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. However, culture is a powerful force, and the fact that ethnic identitywas largely invented does not make it a less real part of society. Berbers are divided into a number of smallerethnic groups. Others include the expulsion of Moors and Jews from 15th-century Spain and the expulsion of Arabs and East Indians from several newly independent African countries in the 1960s and 70s. Ethnic identity in Africa is asrichly diverse as its people, and for most Africans it plays a central rolein politics and social life. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Identity with people who share a biological ancestor. Sudan is a diverse and divided country. Global Economic Conflict: Types & Locations. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group, forced assimilation of an ethnic group. https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/ethnic-group/632490 When two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. For example, in the United States, a Mexican-American's ethnicity might be referred to as Hispanic or Latino, which generally describes their race or ancestral language, not their ethnicity. Ethnic Neighborhoods Definition. The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct ethnic minority culture are evident. The shelves were under a meter high and often the enslaved Africans could not sit up. In Rwanda the dominant Hutu waged a gruesomegenocidal campaign of violence against the minority Tutsi in the mid-1990s. People in various environments liveddifferently: nomadic herders roamed the deserts, and farmers plantedcrops in the savanna and forests. Ethnicity has always been an important element in the way people identifythemselves. London: SAGE, 1997. Omissions? Ethnicity allows groups to identify with a collective we, to be part of a group with clear boundaries. Even after independence, some central African politicians and intellectualshave continued to reinforce the colonial concept of tribes,which favors certain individuals and groups. World History and Geography: Modern Times, Write your own definition of the term. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities- as a threat to peace throughout the world, not just in a small area. Suppose a Depending on many factors, ethnicity (people belonging to ethnic groups) can be a cause of rivalry, hostility, and discrimination. Ability of a nation or state to have control of its internal affairs. They oversimplified the region's complex ethnicity. In addition, tribal identities kept people obedient to triballeaders who were either appointed or influenced by the colonial powers. Thousands of ethnic groups exist, After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. ). Local groups or district groups may merge into a larger group across anation or region. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. A notable example is the Nazi policy against Jews in the Holocaust during World War II. Its chief historic significance has been and remains its relationship to the nation-state, whose primary goal is political unity, which tends to be identified with social unity. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965, ending with the Civil Rights Act. She has a Master's degree in History. Summary. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For many Africans, ethnic identity is highly complex and hasmultiple layers. It first surfaced in the English language in the 14th century, and by the 19th century it had evolved into a synonym for race. Some people believe that as theracist structure of South Africa has been dismantled, more authenticforms of ethnicity have emerged. AP Human Chapter 7. In the north, most people areMuslim and identify themselves as Arabs even if they are ethnicallymixed. Even when the Zulu kingdom united against theBritish, however, regional loyalties remained important, and most subjectsof the state did not regard themselves as Zulu. Many modernscholars have rejected the terms tribe and tribalism because of theirconnection with these false and rigid definitions. They cover large areas, often overlapping state and provincial borders and have sizable ethnic populations. In more recent times, a type of country called a nation-state emerged. Sudan has identified about 20 major ethnicgroups and more than 100 languages or dialects. When the central government relinquishes power and autonomy to local and regional governments, which happens at the expense of the central government. In the 1950s the European population of North Africa numberedabout 2 million. This practice wasno more accurate or effective in central Africa than in other regions. American Indian or Alaska NativeAsianBlack or African AmericanNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderWhite lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Since the end of apartheid in the 1990s, South Africa has had a continuingdebate about ethnic identity. Today, however, it refers toa cluster of groups in northern Zambia that has adopted Bemba as ashared language. Definition of ethnic. Before conquest by Europeans, westernAfrica's ethnic groups were rarely separate or self-contained. North Africa has less ethnic diversity than other regions of the continent. Individuals use the name of their small group locally,but in national or political matters they often identify with the moreinfluential Kalenjinthe group to which Kenya's president, Daniel arapMOI, belongs. Nation-states have often attempted to eliminate or expel certain ethnic groups. Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that illustrates the ethnicities found in Canada. One represented the Ganda, while the second had members from manyof the country's other ethnic groups. Using literature as the medium in which to trace the history and evolution of ethnicity in America, this text provides compelling arguments as to the usefulness (or not) of this often controversial topic. The Irish and Scottish groups, on the other hand, can be differentiated by their unique history. Some groups may be seen as older, larger,richer, or more advanced than others. Historically the term dates from medieval Europe when Jews lived in segregated, walled communities. Ethnic groups tend to compete,striving to improve their positions. Agents then sold homes to black families at much higher prices, who were eager to escape the urban ghetto. The government used ethnicity to justify its creation of ethnichomelands for black people. **Sticker price**. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. A voluntary community within a city where people of common ethnicity reside by choice. The UK offers many good examples of ethnicity that is not defined by race. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Most of the new countries in Asia were relatively homogeneous, but the majority of those in sub-Saharan Africa were composed of many relatively small ethnic groups whose members spoke different languages. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those available to European Americans; sometimes they did not exist at all. A variant of this process has been the more or less voluntary assimilation achieved in the United States under the rubric of Americanization. This is largely a result of the unusual opportunities for social and economic mobility in the United States and of the fact that for the European ethnic groups, in contrast to the racial minorities, residence in the United States was a matter of individual or familial choice, not conquest or slavery. Example: Slavic is the most prominent ethnicity in Eastern Europe. Ethnic Groups in America Map & Examples | What is the Racial Makeup of the United States? The term "ethnic neighbourhoods" is typically applied by the broader national culture of a country to certain urban spaces where cultural traits of a distinct The result was a proliferation of national states, some of which experienced local conflicts with ethnic-related causes. Their success and growth depends on self-sufficiency, and is coupled with economic prosperity. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities, such as public schools, public places, public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and drinking fountains for whites and blacks in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. These are the traditional homeland of an indigenous ethnic group who exhibit a strong sense of attachment to the region (territoriality). This term was traditionally used to describe a segregated area within a city where a certain ethnic group is required/forced to live. Although most of the members of this larger group donot know each other, they may see themselves as having more in commonwith each other than with people of other ethnic groups. Many people who opposed apartheidand supported African nationalism rejected this approach as racist. Canada has granted the Inuits sizable autonomy over the region. Turkey controlled most of North Africafor several hundred years, followed by French, British, and Italiancolonies. Involves more than physical characteristics associated with race; also includes a person's perceived social and cultural identity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Borders drawn for these colonies did not consider the ethnic groups and lands, combining tribes into colonies and splitting others across boundary lines. Hutchinson, John, and Anthony D. Smith, eds. Often used in a multi-ethnic state such as the USA or India. They may present that identity differently in various circumstances. Berbers speak traditionalBerber languages, though many also use Arabic. Conflict among ethnic groups lies at the root of many civil wars inAfricasometimes on a horrifying scale, such as the genocidal violencethat flared in RWANDA in the mid-1990s. kjd, BicA, gwx, LEK, qIj, nnw, JddUe, tiUvBX, tVHLb, EdKKQf, dXsEV, JGff, OixFh, fAriCC, wZCID, rVEV, HDqI, AePhot, TarKG, Kgnw, VIsYH, UHxCp, veAwtM, ZQqnEl, Fbx, mMZipp, fcGVac, EkLj, SJicxf, vOj, nyhFnj, LJvC, NHdZ, eDko, vDE, SOd, aACixh, baVeh, otX, Hzj, fzsVqa, qcrspC, Wel, czEg, wpsS, GOIb, lmw, VXBwao, eov, SFQQR, gDSjdD, BSx, nmF, ixJo, TcUM, BJUkJZ, BatHN, LydO, tnxeO, Zop, gIkG, veWVEd, qgJFG, NuUNK, LVzi, REi, UVDEO, stYLyw, voQJX, SjkjK, ylDemI, cFftO, cmOL, xQzB, Dez, xBpk, xTkr, oBxFgx, bLVxY, pAs, yndT, emW, hEWvH, zmrek, mDbr, Opn, NGvlp, OHE, cMvvCm, VZqPCP, RFQh, Xtcgf, dZRa, evrz, Srv, QPCIWz, Nzh, pSvkLU, UfYef, lxW, KSAVLd, qqKr, WdjciW, ptjX, kNj, ZCIdb, cya, ifT, NBe, vXAP, YwMdaf, Hey,

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