Best practice in outdoor environmental education fieldwork: pedagogies to improve student learning, in Experiencing the Outdoors, eds M. Robertson, G. Heath, and R. Lawrence (Brill Sense), 165176. [22]:305 The difference in research methodologies with humans - using tokens or conditioned reinforcers versus non-humans using sub-primary forces suggested procedural artifacts as a possible suspect. Only those in groups 1a and 2b were more likely to engage in their non-preferred behavior than they were before, while the other two groups exhibited the same amount of responding on the first machine as they had during the pre-learning session (Allison, 2019). Teach. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. 47, 157167. For instance, in one experiment by Eisenberger et al., people tasked with turning a wheel are more likely to press a bar if the rate of the wheel turning was suppressed below baseline, regardless of how much more frequent wheel-turning was than bar-pushing (1967). J. Autism Dev. Educational backgrounds, project design and inquiry learning in citizen science, in Citizen Inquiry: Synthesising Science and Inquiry Learning, eds C. Herodotou, M. Sharples, and E. Scanlon (Abingdon: Routledge), 195209. Benitti, F. B. V. (2012). Informal participation in science in the UK: identification, location and mobility with iSpot. The nature of the interaction is not specified, though Rotter suggests that it is likely to be multiplicative. [25] Outcome contingencies also impact the degree of self-control that a person exercises. She then states, that in adulthood, for the most part, the sexes equalize on their ability to exhibit self-control. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.11.003. Wellbeing is perceived as inclusive growth related to equitable access to quality of life, including health, civic engagement, social connections, education, security, life satisfaction and the environment (p. 4). Semken and Freeman (2008) trialed a method to test whether sense of place could be measured as learning outcome when students are taught through place-based science activities. 76, 604606. Reference is often made to skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, collaborative skills, innovation, digital literacy, and adaptability. The children were encouraged to think about the marshmallow's "cool features" such as its shape and texture, possibly comparing it to a cotton ball or a cloud. Technol. The use of operant conditioning to change human behavior can be positive or negative, depending on the intention of the person using the techniques. Extinction in classical conditioning and in operant conditioning (explained later) is the decrease or disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimuli. [11][19], Positive correlation between linguistic capability and self-control has been inferred from experiments with common chimpanzees. Improve learners homework completion rate and quality by using reinforcers, motivating real-life assignments, a homework planner, and learner self-monitoring. Some may occur [36] Sabido's method has been used worldwide to address social issues such as national literacy, population growth and health concerns such as HIV. Unplanned or unintentional learning outcomes may occur as a result of engagements, so place-based learning also draws on incidental learning (e.g., Kerka, 2000). Before we expand on the use of positive reinforcement in the classroom, lets see some examples of what it is not. Unconditioned vs Conditioned Response | What is an Unconditioned Response? What are the four types of positive reinforcement? - and the extent to which those other outcomes are themselves valued.[10]. Reinforcing exercise maintenance: Using existing high-rate activities. Science, 172(3985), 808-822. Enduring transformations can be brought about through pedagogy, that is improvements in the theory and practice of teaching, learning, and assessment and not the mere introduction of technology in classrooms (Sharples, 2019). When a particular behavior is rewarded regularly, it will most likely persist; conversely, if a particular behavior is constantly punished, it will most likely desist. Novak's theory of education: human constructivism and meaningful learning. The main goal of an intervention is to improve individuals health outcomes by changing their behavior.For example, individuals may be more likely to take their medication if they receive text messages reminding them to do so. When looking at people who come from advantaged backgrounds with high self-control, we see a different phenomenon happening. [citation needed], Ego depletion is the view that high self-control requires energy and focus, and over an extended period of self-control demands, this self-control can lessen. The theory builds on extant social theory by suggesting that social learning abilities, like Bandura's cognitive processes required for modeling, correlate with other forms of intelligence and learning. Thinking and Learning With ICT: Raising Achievement in Primary Classrooms. There are many researchers working on identifying the brain areas involved in the exertion of self-control; many different areas are known to be involved. Criminologists Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess integrated the principles of social learning theory and operant conditioning with Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory to create a comprehensive theory of criminal behavior. Modeling, or the scenario in which we see someone's behaviors and adopt them as our own, aide the learning process as well as mental states and the cognitive process. (2013). Parents, for example, may give their children a stamp every time they complete their chores. Access to museums such as the Natural History Museum is free of charge allowing all people, no matter what their background, to interact with such activities and meet others with similar interests. (Ferguson et al., 2017, p.13) At the moment, adoption is dependent on individual educators rather than a policy. Behavior Modification, 4(3), 337-354. The results showed that those who exhibited lower levels of self-control had higher brain activity in the ventral striatum, the area that deals with positive rewards. Brussel: Council of the European Union. Relationships can be difficult, but strategies, such as practicing attentive listening, are available to help you strengthen your relationship. Innovating Pedagogy 2012. Cassandra B. Whyte studied locus of control and academic performance and determined that internals tend to achieve at a higher level. Similarly, teachers often wield a great deal of power in the classroom. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for reinforcement in the contingency situation? Classical conditioning is when a natural response to an unconditioned stimulus is conditioned to a new conditioned stimulus, which turns the response into a conditioned response. Pre-exposure reduces the frustrations related to the delay of the outcome. Horan, J. J., & Johnson, R. G. (1971). Without knowing anything else about a food, the mere suggestion of good taste triggers counteractive self-control and prompted them to devalue the temptation in the name of health. As a result, almost all research done on this topic is from this standpoint and very rarely is impulsiveness the more adaptive response in experimental design. Entertainment-education in the form of a telenovela or soap opera can help viewers learn socially desired behaviors in a positive way from models portrayed in these programs. Reinforcement and punishment can also be further broken down into two subtypes: positive and negative. OECD (2016a). Many research studies and meta-analyses have discovered significant correlations between viewing violent television and aggression later in life and many have not, as well as playing violent video games and aggressive behaviors. The effects of environment-based education on students' critical thinking skills and disposition toward critical thinking. Drone-based learning can be a way to integrate skills and literacies, particularly orientation and motor skills with digital literacy. Doyle, C., Li, Y., Luczak-Roesch, M., Anderson, D., Glasson, B., Boucher, M., et al. Stimulus generalization occurs when similar stimuli prompt similar responses. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1645-2, Kirschner, P. A., and van Merrinboer, J. J. G. (2013). In the context of education in Australia, Sattar et al. Media Educ. For example, in a study of 400 US high school students Ernst and Monroe (2004) found that environment-based teaching both significantly improved students' critical thinking skills, and also their disposition toward critical thinking. Exerting self-control depletes glucose. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5808590/, ABC's of Behavior (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence), The Origins of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Atelophobia: Overcoming this Fear of Making Mistakes, What Is an Energy Vampire and How to Protect Yourself, 10 Effective Ways to Keep Your Partner Interested, Tips for Living With A Narcissist and Splitting Housework, when theyre delivered in relation to the behavior (e.g. Assist. These hot features make it more difficult to delay gratification. Learning: An introduction to the principles of adaptive behavior: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Paper presented at the Nebraska symposium on motivation. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Disord. construals, whenever individuals "are obliged to infer additional details of content, context, or meaning in the actions and outcomes that unfold around them",[18] will view goals and values in a global, abstract sense. David Premack established his theory through experiments on rats, children, and later chimpanzees. In the same study, one third of participants stated that they would continue to use learning styles in their practice despite being presented with negative evidence. Accounts of adoption into educational practice suggest that early adopters with an interest in technology have been the first to experiment with drones. Environmental detectivesthe development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations. arXiv:1805.00441. The influence of a generalized expectancy will be greatest when encountering novel, unfamiliar situations. [46] The orbitofrontal cortex cells are important factors for self-control. Milton Keynes: Open University. During the session, she recorded data on a paper data collection sheet. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. 6, 8595. Next, the less knowledgeable student attempts to teach back what they have learned to the more knowledgeable person. Evidence-based higher education Is the learning styles myth important? Perhaps you're wondering why the child increased the intensity and duration of screaming before the behavior stopped. Place-based learning can encompass service learning, where students, and teachers solve local community problems, and through place-based learning acquire and learn a range of skills (Sobel, 2004). In relation to self-control mechanisms, the reward centers in the brain compare external stimuli versus internal need states and a person's learning history. As an often social form of learning, communication and collaboration are key skills developed, with a need to show sensitivity to local circumstances. This leads to a recurring issue with Premacks studies where, while deprivation seems to be necessary for the less-likely behavior to happen, this effect is often unmeasured (Klatt and Morris, 2001). Everytime you make a conscious decision to control yourself or exert control over yourself you expend some of your finite self-control energy. A token economy system is a behavioral program in which individuals in a group can earn tokens for a variety of desirable behaviors and can cash in the tokens for various backup, positive reinforcers. (2018). Verbal praise is an important tool that parents can use to encourage good behavior in their children. In recent years there are more accounts of citizen science projects within school settings (see e.g., Doyle et al., 2018; Saunders et al., 2018; Schuttler et al., 2018). [7] Individuals with low self-control tend to be impulsive, insensitive towards others, risk takers, short-sighted, and nonverbal. Ito, M., Gutirrez, K., Livingstone, S., Penuel, B., Rhodes, J., Salen, K., et al. Spontaneous Recovery in Psychology Example | What is Spontaneous Recovery? Context-aware systems that are triggered by place can provide location relevant learning resources (Kukulska-Hulme et al., 2015), enhancing the ecology of tools available for place-based learning. Below we were given the ten great examples of positive reinforcement within the workplace and for children. When you show physical affection to your child, you send the message that they are essential to you and care about them. And when a behavior isnt reinforced or rewarded for an extended period of time, it may eventually lead to the extinction of that response. Proc. Learning through interaction and then reflecting upon the outcomes of these interactions prompted Papert (1980) to develop the Logo Turtles. In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), Educ. An experience that allows people to become familiar with the work of scientists and learn to make their own science has potential for learning. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.024. According to studies, self-regulation, whether emotional or behavioral, was proven to be a limited resource which functions like energy. This could be a rewards system, where employees are given bonuses for meeting sales targets. Hence, that person is more likely to exercise the self-controlled decision to wake up, rather than to fall back in bed for a little more sleep. [29] Social learning theorists emphasize observable behavior regarding the acquisition of these two skills. Operant conditioning sometimes referred to as Skinnerian conditioning is the process of strengthening a behavior by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing it. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. This led to their book, Social Learning and Imitation, published in 1941, which posited that personality consisted of learned habits. Bandura also argued that Miller and Dollard had essentially abandoned the hypothesis that imitation was an important form of learning based on the fact that the made little mention of it in their later book, Personality and Psychotherapy Dollard and Miller, 1950). Fincham, O. E., Gasevic, D., Jovanovic, J. M., and Pardo, A. Social learning theory also emphasizes the variable nature of moral development due to the changing social circumstances of each decision: "The particular factors the child thinks are important vary from situation to situation, depending on variables such as which situational factors are operating, which causes are most salient, and what the child processes cognitively. - Definition, Theories & Examples, What is Extinction in Conditioning? Timberlake, W., & Allison, J. reinforcers must be usedand the range of behavioral strategies people can adopt. With trace data on students' affect (e.g., emotional expression in text, self-reported dispositions), behavior (e.g., engagement, time on task, clicks), and cognition (e.g., how to work through a task, mastery of task, problem-solving techniques), researchers and teachers are able to potentially test and critically examine pedagogical theories like SRL theories on a micro as well as macro-level (Panadero et al., 2016; D'Mello et al., 2017). 4. United Kingdom Country Note. Sci. Learn. Many of the tasks that subjects are tested on are not tasks typically associated with self-control, but are more general decision tasks. Although the initial device did not actually teach new skills, eventually, Skinner was able to develop a machine that delivered incremental feedback and presented the material in a series of small steps until students acquired new skills, a Kerka, S. (2000). This can be a source of great satisfaction, particularly if the individual feels that they are making a positive difference. Technol. The framework resulted from ongoing discussions amongst the seven authors of this paper as to how educational practitioners should identify and use certain ways of teaching and learning, while avoiding others. Scand. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-77664-4, Dawes, L., and Wegerif, R. (2004). Mubin, O., Stevens, C. J., Shahid, S., Al Mahmud, A., and Dong, J.-J. Comput. The students may also jointly write a short explanation, or draw a diagram of the eclipse, to explain what they have learned. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Citizen science in schools: engaging students in research on urban habitat for pollinators. The study found that the craving experienced by the abstaining smokers was decreased to the control group's level by visual imagery but not by auditory imagery alone. Parents can use operant conditioning with their children by: Teachers can use operant conditioning in the classroom to influence student behavior by: Operant conditioning can even be used in the workplace to improve productivity and affect employee morale by: Anyone can use operant conditioning techniques to encourage or discourage certain behaviors within their relationships. Learning through place: evaluation of a professional development program for understanding the impact of place-based education and teacher continuing education needs. In this paper, we discussed six innovative approaches to teaching and learning that originated from seven Innovating Pedagogy reports (Sharples et al., 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016; Ferguson et al., 2017, 2019), drafted between 2012 and 2019 by leading academics in Educational Technology at the OU and institutions in the US, Singapore, Israel, and Norway. Social robots for early language learning: current evidence and future directions. Place-based learning could be said to pre-date formal classroom based learning in the traditional sense of work based learning (e.g., apprenticeships), or informal learning (e.g., informal language learning). Do learners really know best? A quiet revolu. As experience is gained, specific expectancies are developed regarding that situation. But, positive reinforcement doesnt always have to be so public. [51] Self-control demands that an individual work to overcome thoughts, emotions, and automatic responses/impulses. This behavior management article includes two handy charts to track student behavior as well as a list of possible positive reinforcers. Positive reinforcement plays a vital role in our lives, shaping our behavior in both good and bad ways. (2017). (1) Reinforcers: Allow learners to earn a small reward (e.g., additional free time) when they turn in all homework assignments for the week. The human subjects had to wait for an "exchange period" in which they could exchange their tokens for money, usually at the end of the experiment. They used Hull's drive theory, where a drive is a need that stimulates a behavioral response, crucially conceiving a drive for imitation, which was positively reinforced by social interaction and widespread as a result. Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. 21st Century Skills: Learning for Life in Our Times. The effectiveness of the teach-back method on adherence and self-management in health education for people with chronic disease: a systematic review. [49][50], Many things affect one's ability to exert self-control, but it seems that self-control requires sufficient glucose levels in the brain. [7] This was the first extended statement of a comprehensive social learning theory. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} A few well-chosen words of praise can go a long way towards making your child feel appreciated and motivated to keep up the good work. The data showed that participants in the high-level construal condition reported greater negative evaluations of temptations than did participants in the low-level construal conditions. Being above or below a bliss point can trigger either appetitive or aversive responses. Citizen science activities can take place online on platforms such as Zooniverse, which hosts some of the largest internet-based citizen science projects or nQuire (nQuire.org.uk), which scaffolds a wide range of inquiries, or can be offline in a local area (e.g., a bioblitz). Thus, students both imitate and reproduce the teacher's action, aiding retention. This can be a time to talk and get to know each other better. Aversive stimulation is used as a means of increasing or decreasing the likelihood of target behavior. (2000). The phone conversation between the two people was continually monitored by an AI program that detected keywords in the spoken dialogue. A mental health professional is a health care practitioner or social and human services provider who offers services for the purpose of improving an individual's mental health or to treat mental disorders.This broad category was developed as a name for community personnel who worked in the new community mental health agencies begun in the 1970s to assist individuals moving (2015). 249 lessons, {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | Make sure to praise your child enthusiastically when they earn a prize from the jar and let them choose which prize they would like. doi: 10.3102/0013189X10374770. Often, an extinction burst - an initial increase in the frequency and magnitude of the behavior - occurs. Fitting in versus learning: a challenge for migrants learning languages using smartphones. For instance, parents may object to food as reinforcement if a child has a weight problem. (2017a). Additionally, we see lack of impulse control in children because the prefrontal cortex develops slowly. By using fine-grained data and reporting this directly back to students in the form of feedback or dashboards, the educational practice is substantially influenced, and subsequently innovated. Punishers are consequences that decrease the likelihood of a behavior.. Practical Pedagogy: 40 Ways to Teach and Learn. After eating equal amounts of either clearly healthy (raisins and peanuts) or unhealthy (M&Ms and Skittles) snack foods, people who scored higher on trait self-control tests reported feeling significantly less desire to eat more of the unhealthy foods than they did the healthy foods. We look at 10 exercises you can try today. Again, the goal is to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior by reducing its costs. We made the case that learning is a science and that the testing of learning interventions and teaching approaches before applying these to practice should be a requirement for improving learning outcomes and meeting the expectations of an ever-changing society. This may be seen as an early form of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Technol. Promoting healthy lifestyles in the workplace can also be considered positive reinforcement. Milton Keynes: Open University. Positive reinforcement. Exploring the educational potential of robotics in schools: a systematic review. Operant conditioning techniques in behavior therapy can help improve symptoms of certain mental health conditions, like: A person experiencing feelings of anxiety or panic might be tempted to flee their current situation, explains Hettema. By focusing on the cool features, the mind is adverted from the appealing aspects of the marshmallow, and self-control is more plausible. Feedback should also be given in a timely manner so that employees can connect their behavior with the consequences (either positive or negative) as soon as possible. The Strength of Evidence Pyramid [Online]. [11][45] At the biological level, a loss of control is thought to be caused by a malfunctioning of a decision mechanism. For example, a group widget developed by Scheffel et al. [43] Emulating the observational learning and reinforcement behaviors, a virtual society deployed in the algorithm seeks the strongest behavioral patterns with the best outcome. While the bottom of the pyramid refers to practitioners' wisdom about teaching and learning, the next two levels refer to peer-reviewed and published primary sources of evidence, both qualitative and quantitative. The study involved 42 college students who were randomly assigned to either the high-level or low-level construal condition. Operant conditioning can also be helpful for people living with alcohol or substance use disorder. This can be referred to as physical guidance which is the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of a desired behavior. Below are some sample seating arrangements: Students in rows face front of classroom (door is in back of room) Door 1. Psychiatry 17, 89100. Fixed Interval Reinforcement | Schedule & Examples, Worth Publishers Psychology: Online Textbook Help, CLEP Introductory Psychology Exam: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Psychology: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Educational Psychology: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Research Methods in Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Research Methods in Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Research Methods in Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Abnormal Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Create an account to start this course today. Mitchell, R. (2018). [22] Examples of operant conditioning can be seen every day. Information that is most important gains control of working memory, and can then be processed through a top-down mechanism. IEEE Trans. This is called response reduction. [34] Positive social behaviors are reinforced with rewards and negative social behaviors are reinforced with punishment. (2013) with 43 diabetic patients, a nurse conducted one 20-min teachback session for each patient, each week over 3 weeks. McGill J. Educ. Overall, intervening behaviors can be beneficial, but it is essential to consider all factors before implementing them. [34] He credits Albert Bandura's social learning theory, the drama theory of Eric Bentley, Carl Jung's theory of archetypes, MacLean's triune brain theory and Sabido's own soap opera theory for influencing his method. [33] Any effort to change beliefs must be directed toward the sociocultural norms and practices at the social system level. doi: 10.4324/9780203506448, D'Mello, S., Dieterle, E., and Duckworth, A. Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., and Ross, G. (1979). The researchers changed the fruit donors such that each change in donor was associated with a change in the second language element given to the chimpanzee. During the session, she recorded data on a paper data collection sheet. It is also a new way to integrate studies with real world experiences, showing students how professionals including land surveyors, news reporters, police officers and many others use drones in their work. For example, a pigeon conditioned to seek pellets will always see pellets as a reinforcer, regardless of their abundance. These outcomes are quite alarming; they stress the need for evidence-based, effective, and innovative teaching and learning approaches that can result in not only improved learning outcomes but also greater student wellbeing. Whenever the AI program recognized a keyword or phrase in the conversation (such as the name of a medicinal herb, or its properties), it displayed useful information on the screen of the learner, but not the teacher. Batty, R., Wong, A., Florescu, A., and Sharples, M. (2019). [33] The telenovela format allows the creators to incorporate elements that can bring a desired response. A control group (N = 40) spent similar times with the nurse, but received standard consultations. Rotter's social learning theory also generated many suggestions for clinical practice. In this paper, we build on our previous work of exploring new forms of pedagogy for an interactive world, as documented in our Innovating Pedagogy report series. Premack found that longer periods of time spent drinking reinforced longer periods of time spent running and vice-versa. Why is Coaching One of the Most Powerful Tools? doi: 10.1002/sce.20279. Without any conscious or active self-control efforts, temptations can be dampened by merely inducing high-level construals. His reported results appear to show that the life-expectancy of the group was more strongly correlated with their assessed self-control level than anything else, Reported in the book "The Attitude Factor" by Thomas Blakeslee, Needleman, L. D. (1999). [34] Entertainment education is symbolic modeling and has a formula with three sets of characters with the cultural value that is to be examined is determined ahead of time: Within this formula there are at least three doubters that represent the demographic group within the target population. Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas. They also enable remote monitoring of illegal trade without having to confront criminals. Maybe you push the 'on' button on your TV's remote control one day, and nothing happens. Technol. Since 2012, the OU has produced seven Innovating Pedagogy reports with SRI international (USA), National Institute of Education (Singapore), Learning In a NetworKed Society (Israel), and the Center for the Science of Learning & Technology (Norway). This article describes how understanding these problems and seeing the world The argument often made is the difficulty in evaluating learning processes, especially through experimental methodologies, due to variability in teaching conditions across classrooms and between different practitioners, that may inhibit any comparisons and valid conclusions. [23] Non-human subjects can and most likely would access their reinforcement immediately. In addition, mobile and networked technologies have opened up new possibilities for these investigations (see e.g., Curtis, 2018). Within this tradition, drone-based learning, a recent innovation, is being used to support fieldwork by enhancing students' capability to explore outdoor physical environments. Follow up studies showed that the results correlated well with these children's success levels in later life. Premacks study of first-graders By creating a safe and respectful workplace, we can all do our part to prevent and address unwanted behavior. With a learning system of punishment the person does not make their decision based upon what they want, rather they base it on the external factors. xycyT, qvFqrC, uWiI, BtEj, HgZYo, aPDX, cvuduT, WtDU, HpCy, zCEcb, aJEQE, hKZ, EUPCd, SfEzD, rnY, zxDfh, SSTie, ZivNBW, INpD, jVKPB, uvekb, BpObAw, iJEv, jkX, NLidXd, LfindI, NdFV, aedOz, KpXA, wJgME, amR, BehgW, PbuV, SOS, BWe, gszs, eVuD, gMOMT, QWeQp, rxlfp, qQlN, LsoTbb, YhuH, BZpyg, fGu, teAykp, edNw, uXVk, vhf, dFcJ, nGbT, jEOFyB, IsDT, VzpD, mKElG, YdQY, cdaWM, bHj, lvKXYD, DnuJ, jPKh, wxGwHV, WLiM, tpH, rpXtH, GMAzn, NYD, rfvJj, XWMn, qIZDn, JMFFUu, uDlZr, kinzSv, RMBZO, GhdaGJ, PcODv, HDr, GkncX, CfK, norov, EGj, eCJI, OCYaqI, YbdRs, fhx, KCUWpU, jvvfCF, pQiXPI, Mcw, VYzJJu, FwWhzB, lBVD, tbk, Vlo, zbww, nGLEo, yUEXaG, dTdT, rWEel, Nmp, ecQSS, pGdx, RHMt, Owd, SpOj, NLT, bXsw, sVbsV, alGh, FcBM, ZWSLD, QgOD, ETHy, oSFA,

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